Recent Highlights

Section 03 Oils, Waxes and Related Materials

DE ESPINOSA L M & MEIER M A R Plant oils: the perfect renewable resource for polymer science? Europ. Polym. J. 2011, Vol 47 No 5, 837-52.

A review is presented that discusses the recent progress there has been in synthesising polymers from plant oils. In particular the review considers the use of olefin metathesis and thiol/ene chemistry as synthetic methods for monomers and as polymerisation techniques. A section of the review specifically deals with the synthesis of hyperbranched and cross-linked polymers from plant oils based on acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerisation. There is currently a major resurgence of interest in the thiol/ene addition reaction as a polymerisation technique and for efficient post-polymerisation modification. Although thiol/ene reactions with plant oils have been reported, relatively few articles deal with the synthesis of fatty acid-derived monomers or their polymerisation. These limited studies are selectively discussed. Thiol/ene reactions have also been applied to triglyceride derivatives for the synthesis of cross-linked polymers. It is considered that there is much scope to develop thiol/ene coupling reactions with fatty acids as a synthetic route to new polymers. Finally the review identifies how plant oils may be employed as precursors of thermosetting materials. It is emphasised that more attention needs to be paid to the photochemical reactivity of triglyceride double bonds as a means of introducing polymerisable functionality. 92 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/05905)

Section 49 Pretreatment and Application

LE CALVE P & PAUTASSO J-P Characterisation of surfaces after ultra high pressure water-jetting of shop primer coated steel substrates for new construction in the naval sector. Protect. Coat. Europe 2011, Vol 3 No 2, 16 (4 pp).

The results are presented of a new investigation on the influence of cleaning parameters, such as flow pressure or type of water blasting tools, on surface cleanness, roughness and remaining zinc on the surface. The results are compared with traditional grit-blasted surfaces. No significant effect of the ultra high pressure (UHP) water-jetting tool (hand held gun or robot) and water pressure between 2560 to 3000 bar on the surface profile was observed. Whatever the parameters of water blasting applied on zinc-rich shop primer coated steel, traces of zinc and silica were found on the steel surface. The same observation was also found after conventional abrasive blasting. In addition a mixed iron oxide with either silicon or zinc oxide was detected on the surface after water blasting. The presence of remaining zinc on blasted steel resulted in a longer delay before formation of red oxidation, as observed in a condensation test. (WSCA Item Number 11/06158)

Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc

WADE S A, MART P L & TRUEMAN A R Microbiologically-influenced corrosion in maritime vessels. Corros. & Materials 2011, Vol 36 No 5, 68-79.

A broad review is presented of the internal and external environments for ships and submarines, and provides several case histories of microbiologically-influenced corrosion in maritime vessels, both merchant and naval. Microbiologically-influenced corrosion was found to cause serious problems in a range of locations onboard maritime vessels. Indeed, testing found the widespread presence of microbes related to microbiologically-influenced corrosion in many different areas onboard ships and boats. Some of the problems were reported to have occurred following taking on waters that were most likely polluted with these micro-organisms and the nutrients that they require. This situation should be avoided as far as possible. Field and laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of microbiologically-influenced corrosion are discussed. Prevention and mitigation strategies for microbiologically-influenced corrosion are also described. 67 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/06225)

Section 71 Other Properties and Testing Methods

ARNOLD C & OTHERS Surfactant distribution in water-borne acrylic films. II. Surface investigation. Colloids & Surfaces 2011, Vol A374 Nos 1/3, 58-68.

Surfactant enrichment of the surface of latex films during and after film formation was investigated. The mechanism by which such enrichment occurs is known to be complex with factors such as convection, diffusion and degree of adsorption of surfactant molecules on to the surfaces of latex particles being influential. The practical work involved the synthesis of series of carboxyl-functional methyl methacrylate/butyl acrylate copolymer dispersions by emulsion polymerisation, the latices varying in copolymer composition, particle size and particle morphology (homogeneous or core/shell). In addition composite polymer/clay dispersions were prepared in which synthetic clay was grafted on to the surface of the latex particles. Sodium dodecyl sulphate was employed as surfactant throughout. Surface concentrations of surfactant in dried coatings were investigated using CRS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy with conductiometry being used to obtain the adsorption isotherms of sodium dodecyl sulphate on to latex particles. Surfactant adsorption investigations showed an increase in adsorbed sodium dodecyl sulphate with increase in pH. The presence of the clay nanoparticles on the surface of latex particles was also seen to result in lower levels of sodium dodecyl sulphate adsorption. AFM studies showed the distinct featural arrangements of sodium dodecyl sulphate at the surface of coatings, dependent on conditions with four different conformation layer arrangements being identified. 39 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/06352)

Publications

Reviews of the following publications also appeared in the November 2011 issue of WSCA

IRFAB Global Industrial Coatings Markets 2010-2020. Part 12. Construction & Infrastructure. Industrial Wood Coatings. Irfab Multi-Client Study, PRA, Hampton 2011, 101 pp. (Available in print and pdf versions from http://www.pra-world.com/gicm). Price on application. (WSCA Item Number 11/06539)

IRFAB Global Industrial Coatings Markets 2010-2020. Part 17. Packaging and General Industrial. Coatings for Plastics. Irfab Multi-Client Study, PRA, Hampton 2011, 93 pp. (Available in print and pdf versions from http://www.pra-world.com/gicm). Price on application. (WSCA Item Number 11/06540)

SCHMIDT M (EDITOR) Coatings Directory (Einkaufsfuhrer) 2012. Vincentz Network, Hannover 2011, 165 pp.
Profiles are first provided of two companies (Beko Technologies GmbH and J Wagner GmbH) described as 'partners of the paint industry'. These are followed by the main directory, which comprises a classified listing of products and services for the coatings industry (raw materials, laboratory and production equipment, testing and measuring equipment, safety equipment and services). A trade names listing and an alphabetical list of suppliers to the coatings industry (with contact details) are also included. Associations and institutes are also listed. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 11/06541)

Section 51 Paint, Etc Removal

EICKHOFF-MUHLHAUSE J Paint stripping using eddy current techniques. Besser Lackieren 2011, Vol 13 No 10, 6.

The use of eddy currents as an alternative to conventional paint stripping techniques is outlined. Technical details of the process are presented, and some of its advantages over conventional techniques are discussed. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 11/05484)

Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc

RAMEZANZADEH B, MOHSENI M & YARI H  Electrochemical and structural behaviour of biologically-degraded motor vehicle coatings. I. Effect of natural and simulated bird droppings. Progr. Org. Coat. 2011, Vol 71 No 1, 19-31.

The behaviour of an acrylic/melamine clear coat against pancreatin and bird droppings was investigated. It was shown that these materials significantly affected the clear coat surface properties by producing numerous cracks and holes. Furthermore, a decreased cross-linking density and increased hydrophilicity were observed. The overall effect of such degradation was examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It was observed that the non-exposed sample (blank clear coat) exhibited a reasonably proper corrosion resistance. However, due to the presence of surface defects, the biologically-affected samples showed a decreased corrosion resistance. It was also revealed that the coating corrosion resistance abruptly declined after a very short immersion time, followed by an obvious deterioration. This was attributed to electrolyte diffusion through the conductive paths produced. It may be concluded that the effect of these biologicals is as severe as other types of degradation, causing coating systems to be made vulnerable to corrosion in a real situation. 24 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/05511)

Section 55 Fouling and Microbiological Attack

CHAMBERS C & OTHERS Investigation of Chondrus crispus as a potential source of new antifouling agents. Internat. Biodet. Biodeg. 2011, Vol 65 No 7, 939-46.

It is noted that the search for environment-friendly and non-toxic antifouling paint components has led to the investigation of natural products from seaweeds, and that the defence metabolites used by algae to deter unwanted epibiosis have potential for harnessing and use in antifouling applications. Crude ethanol extracts of the macroalgae Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyceae), from both dried and fresh sources, were tested and compared using bioassays based on five marine bacterial strains, five phytoplankton strains and two macroalgae to assess the antifouling efficacy. Dried extract from the algae had a lower minimum inhibitory concentration, at 25 micrograms per millilitre, against the growth of bacteria and phytoplankton species than that from the fresh source. Macroalgae tests indicated that the extracts had an anti-germination activity of 25-50 micrograms per millilitre against both Undaria pinnatifida and Ulva intestinalis pores. A field trial of antifouling paint incorporating crude extract indicated an initial antifouling potency lasting six weeks. 45 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/05534)

Section 63 Paints, Etc for Other Specific Uses

WANG S & OTHERS Surface properties and moisture behaviour of pine and heat-treated spruce modified with alkoxysilanes by sol/gel process. Progr. Org. Coat. 2011, Vol 71 No 3, 274-82.

The surface morphology and moisture behaviour of pine (Pinus sylvestris) sapwood and heat-treated spruce (Picea abies) deposited with two types of silane-based sol/gel coatings were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and water contact angle measurement. The chemical composition and distribution of sol/gel coatings on wood surfaces were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The AFM images revealed that the sol/gel coatings applied by spreading covered the fine structure of the wood substrates. The surface roughness analysis of the AFM topographical images indicated that the sol/gel coatings, especially the one with a short aliphatic chain, had a tendency to smooth the wood surface. The XPS results confirmed that the sol/gel coatings had successfully deposited on to pine sapwood and heat-treated spruce changing their surface chemistries. Time-of-flight SIMS images showing silicon ion distribution on treated surfaces revealed that the coatings fully covered the pine sapwood surfaces. The thin coating layers formed on heat-treated spruce surfaces followed the original wood surface structure. The contact angle measurements indicated that the water repellent properties of both pine and heat-treated spruce were improved to a certain extent by the sol/gel coatings. 26 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/05597)

Section 75 Pollution and Utilisation of Wastes

JADHAV S, BHOSALE D & BHOSLE N Baseline of organo-tin pollution in fishes, clams, shrimps, squids and crabs collected from the west coast of India. Marine Pollution Bull. 2011, Vol 62 No 10, 2213-9.

A baseline monitoring study was conducted in order to establish the levels of organo-tins in edible marine fish, bivalves, shrimps, squids and crabs collected from Mumbai, Goa and Karwar on the west coast of India, it being noted that marine fishes, crustaceans and mulluscans are easily prone to organo-tins contaminations. At these locations the average organo-tin concentration found in fish, clams, shrimps, squids and crabs was 108, 852, 179, 70 and 89 nanograms of tin per gram dry weight, respectively. In all the samples, butyltins dominated over phenyltins. The levels of organotins suggest that all the organisms were contaminated with organo-tins and their consumption may pose health problems to humans. 37 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/05717)

Section 49 Pretreatment and Application

KIIL S Mathematical modelling of simultaneous solvent evaporation and chemical curing in thermoset coatings: a parameter study. Progr. Org. Coat. 2011, Vol 70 No 4, 192-8.

A mathematic model, describing the curing behaviour of a two-component, solvent-based, thermoset coating, was used to conduct a parameter study. The model includes curing reactions, solvent intra-film diffusion and evaporation, film gelation, vitrification, and cross-linking. A case study with a polyisocyanate and a polyol in an organic solvent, catalysed by an organo-tin compound, was selected for analysis. The transient effects on reactant conversion values and solid content of the film were investigated for initial solvent concentration and film thickness, wind velocity, and bulk air concentration of solvent. Simulations of solvent evaporation were compared to experimental data from a previous investigation. Mechanisms of this complex coating system are discussed. The analysis showed that the final surface coating properties and residual solvent retention levels may be dependent on initial solvent concentration and film thickness, wind velocity, and bulk air concentration of solvent. 10 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/04770)

Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc

GARCIA S J & OTHERS Self-healing anticorrosive organic coating based on an encapsulated water-reactive silyl ester: synthesis and proof of concept. Progr. Org. Coat. 2011, Vol 70 Nos 2/3, 142-9.

A new concept for encapsulated self-healing corrosion protective systems is presented. The concept uses wettability, hydrophobicity, adhesion, water reactivity and densification with time, as the protective concepts. A new water-reactive organic healing agent (octyldimethylsilyl oleate) was synthesised, tested, and incorporated into an epoxy organic coating via its encapsulation with an in situ poly(urea-formaldehyde) encapsulation procedure. The reactivity of the silyl ester and its protective principle were demonstrated by contact angle measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The self-healing capabilities of the silyl ester encapsulated system were confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning vibrating electrode techniques. The results indicated the potential of the silyl esters as healing agents, despite the system not being optimised in the study. 31 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/04809)

Section 55 Fouling and Microbiological Attack

BODKHE R B & WEBSTER D C Synthesis and characterisation of novel amphiphilic siloxane/polyurethane fouling release coatings using click chemistry. ACS, Polym. Preprints 2011, Vol 52 No 1, 148-9.

Ring-opening equilibration polymerisation and click chemistry techniques were used to synthesise acid-functional siloxane polymer. Good agreement between target molecular weight and number-average molecular weight, calculated from GPC and NMR, was obtained. The acid content in the siloxane polymer was maintained by maintaining the mole ratio of two cyclic monomers. The self-stratification mechanism in the siloxane/polyurethane system created a surface having amphiphilic characteristics. (WSCA Item Number 11/04848)

Section 65 Optical Properties (Colour, Gloss, Opacity, Etc)

HOOK J, FITZWATER S, REFFNER J & BORS D Paint hiding of titanium dioxide/polymer composites in latex paints. Proc. 30th FATIPEC Congress, Genoa (Italy) 2010, 761-73.

Titanium dioxide/latex composites (latices adsorbed on titanium dioxide) were investigated. It is concluded that the stronger interactions of pre-composite particles with titanium dioxide yield higher and more consistent hiding efficiency than less strongly interacting latex particles. By creating robust titanium dioxide/polymer composites, formulators may lower the energy and raw material cost of delivering both wet and dry hiding in their paints while still delivering premium performance to other properties such as stain and scrub resistance. The combination of the pre-composite and the let-down binder provides additional flexibility to the formulators in optimising the quality and environmental impact of their paints. 19 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/04973)

Section 79 Radiation Curing

XIE L, SHAO Z, WANG H & LV S Polymerisation of acrylamide inverse microemulsion, initiated directly by ultraviolet radiation. e-Polymers 2011, No 80, 9 pp.

The combination of microemulsion polymerisation with UV direct initiation is shown to be an efficient method for the polymerisation of acrylamide with high polymerisation rate and conversion. A low polymerisation temperature could be used, giving high purity of product and with the use of simple radiation equipment. In the absence of initiator and under UV radiation, the polymerisations of acrylamide inverse microemulsions with high monomer content and low emulsifier content were successfully accomplished at low temperature (24-30 deg. C) and polyacrylamide with high purity and high limiting viscosity was obtained. The polymerisation rate was fast and the conversion reached higher than 85% in 30 minutes. Results suggested that the acrylamide participated in the initiation reaction and that the main initiation locus was the emulsifier layer. 22 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/05085)

Publications

Reviews of the following publications also appeared in the September 2011 issue of WSCA

IRFAB Global Industrial Coatings Markets 2010-2020. Part 4. Transport: Automotive OEM. Irfab Multi-Client Study, PRA, Hampton 2011, 74 pp. Price on application. (Available in print and pdf versions from http://www.pra-world.com/gicm). (WSCA Item Number 11/05135)

11/05136IRFAB Global Industrial Coatings Markets 2010-2020. Part 7. Transport: Trucks, Buses and Other Vehicles. Irfab Multi-Client Study, PRA, Hampton 2011, 94 pp. Price on application. (Available in print and pdf versions from http://www.pra-world.com/gicm). (WSCA Item Number 11/05136)

JILEK J H Directory of Paint Manufacturers 2011. Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Chem4CEE, Wiener Neudorf (Austria), 2011, 141 pp. (Includes a CD-ROM).
This directory includes information on the paint industries of 29 countries in Central and Eastern Europe, arranged alphabetically by country. International and Multinational groups active in the region are first listed, with world wide web addresses and a brief description of activities. This is followed by sections for each country in the region, in each case including some national statistics, a brief history of the country and information about paint production levels and types in the country. Major paint producers are listed in the country sections with contact details and a brief description of activities. The CD version includes a database of company contact information. (WSCA Item Number 11/05137)

Section 01 Pigments, Extenders, Dyestuffs and Phosphors

ANON Rainbows without pigments. Lab. News 2011, July, 7.

Scientists from the University of Sheffield have created, using just two polymers, a new generation of anti-counterfeit devices that prove difficult to copy. The intensely coloured polymers are pigment-free. Colours are created by mixing together just two block copolymers, an alloy of two different polymers. This type of polymer automatically organises itself into a layered structure, causing an optical effect similar to opal, with the colour changing depending on the angle from which it is observed. By mixing the block copolymers together in various proportions, the researchers were able to create any colour of the rainbow. The complex chemistry involved in making the polymers means that they are difficult for fraudsters to copy. This means that they are ideally suited for use on passports and banknotes. (WSCA Item Number 11/03731)

Section 03 Oils, Waxes and Related Materials

ZERKOWSKI J A & HAAS M J Epoxidisable fatty amide/phenol conjugates. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2011, Vol 88 No 8, 1229-37.

The synthesis of a series of novel compounds is described, where carboxylic acids have been linked to a phenol through amidomethyl units. In an example, one, two, or three fatty acids were selectively appended to the phenol in yields above 75%. The fatty acid used was oleic acid, which was subsequently epoxidised. Other functional groups, such as amino acids, may be incorporated in these compounds. Examples of monomers that are suitable for polymerisation were also prepared, these being one acrylamide, one styrene derivative, and two types of AB2 diamino acids, all of which contain oleic units that are sites for epoxidation and cross-linking. Fatty acid aryl ethers were prepared using hydroxy fatty acids. These molecules are intended to serve as augmented analogues of epoxidised vegetable oil. Their amide groups should allow intermolecular aggregation through hydrogen bonding, and the option to covalently include other functional groups may permit tuning of the macroscopic materials properties of films, coatings, or solids constructed from them. 20 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/03788)

Section 10 Patents: Natural Resins

ROHM & HAAS CO Soy composite materials comprising reducing sugar and methods of making the same. United States Patent Application 20100129640, 2010, 16 pp. (Also European Patent Application 2199332).

Composite materials are disclosed, that contain formaldehyde-free aqueous binder compositions comprising defatted soya flour of no greater than 43 micrometres mesh particle size, polymer particles of at least one emulsion (co)polymer and one or more reducing sugar. Preferably, the defatted soya flour is present as an aqueous dispersion, or is in denatured form. Also provided are methods of making and using composite materials containing the formaldehyde-free binder compsns. (WSCA Item Number 11/03828)

Section 39 Adhesive Compositions

STEWART R J, RANSOM T C & HLADY V Natural underwater adhesives. J. Polym. Sci, Polym. Phys. 2011, Vol 49 No 11, 757-71.

Protein-based underwater adhesives produced by aquatic organisms are discussed. The focus is on mechanisms of interfacial adhesion to native surfaces and controlled underwater solidification of natural water-borne adhesives. Four genera that exemplify the broad range of function, general mechanistic features, and unique adaptations are discussed in detail, these being blue mussels, acorn barnacles, sandcastle worms, and freshwater caddisfly larva. Surface adsorption of underwater bio-adhesives likely occurs by exchange of surface-bound ligands by amino acid sidechains, driven primarily by relative affinities and effective concentrations of polymeric functional groups. Most aquatic organisms exploit modified amino acid sidechains, in particular phosphorylated serines and hydroxylated tyrosines with high surface affinity that form co-ordinative surface complexes. After delivery to the surfaces as a fluid, permanent natural adhesives solidify to bear sustained loads. 152 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/03968)

Section 67 Mechanical and Rheological Properties

BOSMA M, BRINKHUIS R, RENSEN E & WATSON R New method for the quantitative determination and prediction of sag and levelling in powder coatings. Proc. 30th FATIPEC Congress, Genoa (Italy) 2010, 39-55.

The use is described of a unique method that allows the determination of the sag and levelling behaviour of powder coatings in a quantitative manner and that was developed to facilitate and support the development of low temperature curing powders. It involves powder paint layers with a well defined initial roughness, created with a sinusoidal rippled application bar, the coated glass panel then being placed in a vertically-positioned heating plate. Measurements were carried out on influence of layer thickness, of curing temperature, of heating rate and of paint properties. It is noted that the use of this technique provides a valuable insight into the influence of both experimental conditions as well as material properties on the flow and levelling behaviour of powder paints. In addition, a flow-cure model was developed allowing the quantitative prediction of the sag and levelling behaviour of powder coatings from their rheological and curing properties. 26 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/04245)

Publications

Reviews of the following publications also appeared in the August 2011 issue of WSCA

DOLPHIN T Product Finishing Directory and Handbook 2011-2012. Hill Media Ltd, Tring (Herts) 2011, 220 pp. (Surface World Show Issue).  (WSCA Item Number 11/04431)

IRFAB Global Industrial Coatings Markets 2010-2020. Part 5. Transport: Automotive Refinish. Irfab Multi-Client Study, PRA, Hampton 2011, 56 pp. Price on application. (Available in print and pdf versions from http://www.pra-world.com/gicm).  (WSCA Item Number 11/04432)

IRFAB Global Industrial Coatings Markets 2010-2020. Part 6. Transport: Motorcycles. Irfab Multi-Client Study, PRA, Hampton 2011, 48 pp. Price on application. (Available in print and pdf versions from http://www.pra-world.com/gicm). (WSCA Item Number 11/04433)

IRFAB Global Industrial Coatings Markets 2010-2020. Part 9. Transport: Aircraft. Irfab Multi-Client Study, PRA, Hampton 2011, 56 pp. Price on application. (Available in print and pdf versions from http://www.pra-world.com/gicm).(WSCA Item Number 11/04434)

MULLER B & POTH U Coatings Formulation. An International Textbook. 2nd Revised Edition. Vincentz Network, Hanover 2011, 287 pp. (ISBN 978-3-86630-872-5). Price 139 euros.
This new revised edition of this reference work provides detailed explanations of new recipes and paint formulations. It teaches paint formulation in two steps. Each chapter first looks at the composition of the coatings, placing special emphasis on the base binder in each type. Advice on specific formulations is then provided, starting with analysis of existing recipes, before formulation guidelines are analysed. Throughout, the focus is on coatings formulation and how to arrive at the final recipe. The first part of the book covers formulation basics and is then followed by detailed chapters on solvent-borne paints (ambient temperature cure and stoving enamels), water-borne paints (the chapters covering solubility and dispersibility of resins, ambient temperature drying and curing, and water-borne stoving paints), and solvent-free coatings (two-component systems, radiation curing and powder coatings). A special feature of the book is its detailed index, which allows the reader to conduct targeted searches for specific aspects of coatings formulation. All calculations based on recipes and formulations are worked through step by step and should therefore be intelligible to beginners, as well as those experienced in formulation. The book is intended to provide laboratory assistants, engineers and chemists with the practice of formulation paints, presupposing a basic knowledge of chemistry, binders, pigments and additives. It also serves as a useful reference work for anyone interested in paints and coatings. 488 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/04435)

Section 01 Pigments, Extenders, Dyestuffs and Phosphors

AHMED N M, EMIRA H S & SELIM M M Anticorrosive performance of ion-exchange zeolites in alkyd-based paints. Pig. Resin Tech. 2011, Vol 40 No 2, 91-9.

Zinc, calcium and magnesium cation-exchanged zeolites were prepared from initial sodium zeolite. Zinc zeolite was the best in its corrosion control performance on steel substrates, followed by calcium- and then magnesium-exchanged zeolites, and all were better than the initial sodium zeolite. The optimum pigment volume concentration (PVC) values of the cation-exchanged zeolites in the alkyd-based paints were 25-30, 20-25 and 10-15 for zinc, calcium and magnesium zeolites. At these PVCs, the best protective properties were exhibited by the coatings. Cation-exchanged zeolites are assumed to protect steel physically through barrier action and chemically by the reaction with the acidic-modified alkyd resin, producing soaps which passivate the substrate. Cation-exchanged zeolites may be considered as a safe and efficient alternative to traditional hazardous pigments in protecting steel surfaces. 16 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/03027)

Section 49 Pretreatment and Application

BELIS R Simulating electrocoating helps to save time and money. Besser Lackieren 2011, Vol 13 No 4, 10-1.

The use of computer simulations for electrodip coating is described, and the potential to save both time and money is outlined. Technical details of such computer simulations and their applications are outlined. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 11/03385)