Recent Highlights

Section 49 Pretreatment and Application

WAHL R Coating radiators. Mappe 2011, No 11, 28-33.

The re-painting of domestic radiators is described. Specialist radiator coatings are available, which are able to withstand temperatures of up to 180 deg. C (heat resistant to 180 deg. C, colour stable to 140 deg. C). The steps required for the preparation and re-painting of domestic radiators are outlined, and various practical tips are provided. Different methods of coating application are also described, including brush and roller, spray cans and airless spraying. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 12/01738)

Section 55 Fouling and Microbiological Attack

MA J & OTHERS Nanostructure on taro leaves resists fouling by colloids and bacteria under submerged conditions. Langmuir 2011, Vol 27 No 16, 10035-40.

Hindrance to adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or a styrene/acrylic acid copolymer to fully wetted leaves of taro (Colocasia esculenta, a plant with edible corms and leaves), which are naturally hydrophobic, was attributed to the dense nanopatterning. This observation suggested that correctly designed topography might reduce or prevent underwater fouling. Full wetting of the leaves was obtained after treatment with 95% ethanol. 25 refs. (WSCA Item Number 12/01826)

Section 71 Other Properties and Testing Methods

TAYLOR S R, CONTU F, SANTHANAM R & SUWANNA P Use of cationic fluoroprobes to characterise ionic pathways in organic coatings. Progr. Org. Coat. 2012, Vol 73 Nos 2/3, 169-72.

The spatial distribution of pathways by which ions enter and move through organic coatings was examined with the use of molecular fluoroprobes. A bisphenol A epoxy coating (10-15 micrometres thick) on titanium was anodically polarised in an electrolyte containing an activated fluoroprobe. Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM) was used at an excitation/emission of 580/602 nm to characterise the penetration pattern of the calcium/indicator fluoroprobe. Both discrete fluorescence sites and regional fluoroprobe uptake were observed within a single epoxy coating. The chemical and/or physical reasons for the increased susceptibility of ionic species at these sites and regions are not yet known but now provide focus to the local material sources for loss of barrier properties. This proof-of-concept experiment is considered to provide a means to attain unambiguous evidence for the mode of ion entry and passage through organic coatings. 16 refs. (WSCA Item Number 12/01976)

Section 73 Industrial and Other Hazards

MOTZKUS C & OTHERS Aerosols emitted by the combustion of polymers containing nanoparticles. J. Nanoparticle Res. 2012, Vol 14 No 3, 687.

The fire behaviour and the characterisation of solid and gaseous fire effluents of polymers (polymethyl methacrylate and polyamide-6) filled with nanoparticles (silica, aluminium oxide, and carbon nanotubes) used to improve their flame retardancy were investigated. To determine the impact of these composites on the emission of airborne particles produced during their combustion in accidental fire scenarios, an experimental set-up was developed to measure the mass distribution in the 30 nm-10 micrometres range, and the concentrations of submicrometric particles in the aerosol. Comparisons were made between unfilled and filled polymers, and the influence of filler surface treatments (silane-based), as well as combinations with a flame retardant (ammonium polyphosphate), was investigated. The presence of nano-oxides in polymethyl methacrylate shows a significant effect on the rate of particle emission with a decrease in the concentration of the emitted submicrometre particles. Ammonium polyphosphate in polymethyl methacrylate led to a decrease in the mass fraction of ultrafine particles and an increase in the rate of submicrometric particle emission compared to filled compositions with nano-oxides. Atomic force microscopy was used as a complementary tool for the characterisation of the particles emitted during combustion, allowing direct observation of nanoparticle morphology, detection of carbon nanotubes in the aerosol, and visualisation of the effect of ammonium polyphosphate on nanoparticle morphology. 38 refs. (WSCA Item Number 12/01995)

Books

BROWN T J & OTHERS European Mineral Statistics 2006-2010. British Geological Survey, Keyworth (Nottingham) 2012, 349 pp. (ISBN 978-0-85272-699-0 download version, 978-0-85272-698-3 paperback), available at www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk). Price (print version) £30.00.

Production, export and import statistics are provided for thirty-four European countries (twenty-seven European Union countries together with Norway, Switzerland, Croatia, Iceland, Macedonia, Montenegro and Turkey), listed first by country (subdivided by mineral) and then by mineral (subdivided by country). The commodities include barytes, bentonite, borates, coal, Fuller's earth, graphite, gypsum, kaolin, mica, natural gas, nepheline syenite, petroleum, rare earths, talc, titanium, wollastonite, zinc and zirconium. Norway produced 864,000 tonnes ilmenite (gross tonnage of titanium concentrates, 864,000 tonnes) in 2010. European imports and exports of titanium are tabulated by country, split into titanium minerals, metals, oxides, ilmenite, other titanium minerals, titanium slag; UK exports of oxides in 2010 were 208,518 tonnes, and UK imports of ilmenite were 90,622 tonnes, titanium slag 20,681 tonnes, and oxide 65,963 tonnes. The thirty-four countries produced 33% of the world's kaolin in 2010, Europe's 8,600,000 tonnes included UK 1,000,000 tonnes (estimated), Turkey 711,493 tonnes, Czech Republic 636,000 tonnes and Germany 4,578,097 tonnes; exports included UK 1,722,335 tonnes and Belgium 523,697 tonnes and imports included Belgium 1,001,057 tonnes, Spain 1,061,732 tonnes and Finland 941,387 tonnes. (WSCA Item Number 12/02111)

Section 09 Natural Resins

MATHERS R T How well can renewable resources mimic commodity monomers and polymers. J. Polym. Sci, Polym. Chem. 2012, Vol 50 No 1, 1-15.

Recent progress aimed at maximising the potential of biomass for commodity monomers and polymers is reviewed. These efforts are no longer solely academic issues. In recent years, a variety of alkenes, diene, aromatic and condensation type monomers have utilised renewable resources, such as cellulose, lignin, plant oils, starches and monoterpenes in commercial polymers. Generally, these multi-faceted efforts involve pretreatment of biomass with thermal, chemical or physical methods followed by a catalyst sequence that entails a combination of acid catalysis, bio-catalysis, or metal-based catalysis. In this regard, synthesis strategies for ethylene, propylene, alpha-olefins, methyl methacrylate, 1,3-butadiene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, isoprene, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and terephthalic acid are discussed as well as the opportunities for other renewable monomers. 125 refs. (WSCA Item Number 12/00788)

Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc

CALLE L M, LI W, BUHROW J W & JOLLEY S T Multi-functional coating for autonomous corrosion control. Paint & Coatings Ind. (US) 2011, Vol 27 No 11, 68 (7 pp).

A description is provided of the relation between pH and corrosion, the design of pH-sensitive microcapsules and their synthesis, as well as selected test results of the smart coatings with pH-sensitive microcapsules for corrosion indication and inhibition. A multi-functional smart coating for the autonomous control of corrosion is being developed using pH-sensitive microcapsules. The microcapsules are designed specifically to detect the pH changes that are associated with the onset of corrosion and respond autonomously to indicate its presence early, to control it by delivering corrosion inhibitors, and to deliver self-healing or film-forming agents capable of repairing mechanical damage to the coating. Various pH-sensitive microcapsules with hydrophobic or hydrophilic cores were synthesised through interfacial polymerisation reactions in emulsion. The microcapsules may be obtained in suspension or in free-flowing powder form. Preliminary results from salt fog testing of panels coated with commercially-available coatings in which the microcapsules and particles were incorporated indicate that they may be used to detect corrosion before visible rust appears and to deliver corrosion inhibitors. (WSCA Item Number 12/01070)

Section 55 Fouling and Microbiological Attack

CHERONI S & OTHERS Enzyme resistance and biostability of hydroxylated cellulose and galactomannan as thickeners in water-borne paints. Internat. Biodet. Biodeg. 2012, Vol 69, 106-12.

Viscosity decreases of hydroxyethylcellulose and hydroxypropylguar in the presence of their specific hydrolysing enzyme (cellulase and mannanase, respectively), were compared to actual microbial contamination by consortia of fungi or bacteria. It was found that the behaviour of hydroxyethylcellulose or hydroxypropylguar solutions inoculated with micro-organisms differs and is unable to be predicted from enzyme challenge data alone. Thus, 'enzyme resistance' and 'biostability' are not equivalent properties. It is noted that for practical purposes, it is important to bear this in mind when selecting the most appropriate polysaccharide thickener, the manufacturing conditions of water-borne paints and the optimal stage of biocide addition. 25 refs. (WSCA Item Number 12/01128)

Books

Reviews of the following books also appeared in the March 2012 issue of WSCA:

BROWN T J & OTHERS World Mineral Production 2006-2010. British Geological Survey, Keyworth (Nottingham) 2012, 87 pp. (ISBN 978-0-85272-697-6 download version, 978-0-85272-696-9 print version, available from www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsuk). Price (print version) £30.00.
Production statistics are listed by mineral product (subdivided by country), the minerals including titanium, barytes, bentonite, coal, Fuller's earth, graphite, kaolin, mica, natural gas, nepheline syenite, petroleum, rare earths, talc, vermiculite and wollastonite. For titanium, world production in 2010 was 10,300,000 tonnes ilmenite as concentrate, 800,000 tonnes rutile as concentrate, all forms (titanium dioxide content) 5,700,000 tonnes; individual countries listed are Norway, Ukraine, Egypt, Gambia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Canada, USA, Brazil, China, India, Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and Australia. (WSCA Item Number 12/01405)

McKAY A D & OTHERS Australia's identified mineral resources 2010. Geoscience Australia, Canberra 2010, 114 pp. (ISSN 1327-1466, available at www.ga.gov.au).
Commodity reviews are provided for various minerals, including mineral sands, black and brown coal, shale oil, zinc/lead/silver, etc. In 2009, economic demonstrated resources of ilmenite were 200.40 million t, and rutile (which includes some leucoxene in Western Australia) 22.7 million t; production figures (exports in brackets) were ilmenite 1.534 million t. (1.778 million t.), rutile 0.280 million t. (0.587 million t.), synthetic rutile 0.616 million t, and zircon 0.476 million t. (0.744 million t.). Mineral sands activities of various companies are summarised, companies that produced heavy mineral sands during 2009 were Iluka Resources Ltd, Bemax Resources Ltd, TiWest joint venture, and Doral Mineral Sands Pty Ltd, all in Western Australia, and Consolidated Rutile Ltd (Queensland). Iluka and BeMax also produced heavy minerals in the Murray Basin in Victoria and New South Wales, respectively. Mining was discontinued from the recently commissioned Mindarie heavy minerals project, held by Australian Zircon NL. Work restarted at the Matilda Zircon Ltd deposits on the Tiwi Islands off the Northern Territory. It is noted that a significant portion of mineral sands economic demonstrated resources (EDR) is in areas quarantined from mining, which are largely incorporated into national parks: it is estimated that some 17% of ilmenite and 15% of rutile EDR is unavailable for mining. (WSCA Item Number 12/01406)

PLACKETT D (EDITOR) Biopolymers: New Materials for Sustainable Films and Coatings. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester 2011, 334 pp. (ISBN 978-0-470-68341-5). Price 112 euros.
This book presents the latest knowledge about the synthesis and properties of bio-derived polymers in terms of practical film and coating applications. These biopolymers include starch, polylactides (PLAs), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), chitosan, proteins, hemicelluloses, cellulose and furan polymers. The contents are divided into two parts. Part 1 comprises nine chapters in which the synthesis or production and properties of biopolymers are discussed, covering in separate chapters, production, chemistry and properties of starch-based polymers, polylactides, and polyhydroxyalkanoates, chitosan for film and coating applications, production, chemistry and properties of proteins, synthesis, chemistry and properties of hemicelluloses production, chemistry and properties of cellulose-based materials, and synthesis, properties and applications of furan monomers and their polymers. Part 2 covers specific applications including food packaging applications of biopolymer-based films, biopolymers for edible films and coatings in food applications, biopolymer coatings for paper and paperboard, agronomic potential of biopolymer films and functionalised biopolymer films and coatings for advanced applications. A final chapter provides a summary and considers future perspectives, including bioplastics, bio-thermoset resins and nanocomposites. The book is intended to be appropriate for both industry and academia. 1365 refs. (WSCA Item Number 12/01407)

SANDER J & OTHERS Anticorrosive Coatings: Fundamentals and New Concepts. Vincentz Network, Hanover 2010, 215 pp. (ISBN 978-3-86630-911-1). Price 129 euros.
This book aims to bring together all the disciplines involved in the creation and use of corrosion control coatings for metals. It presents insights into the quality and chemistry of surfaces, the proper way to prepare them by conversion treatment, the function of resins and anticorrosive pigments in paints, and novel concepts in corrosion control. The eleven chapters comprise an introduction, chapters on corrosion control coatings, surface preparation, organic coating materials, organic and inorganic pigments, a short chapter on film formation methods, mechanism of protection and properties of organic coatings, testing of organic coatings, chemical conversion treatment, organic coatings for maintenance, new corrosion control concepts and a final chapter on standards and guidelines, which pulls together all the standards and directives mentioned in the text. 605 refs. (WSCA Item Number 12/01408)

ZHANG M Q & RONG M Z Self-Healing Polymers and Polymer Composites. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 2011, 416 pp. (ISBN 978-0-470-49712-8). Price 109 euros.
This book covers the fundamentals, theory, design, fabrication, characterisation, and application of self-healing polymers and polymer composites. Innovative routes that correlate materials chemistry to the self-healing functionality are summarised for future industrial use. The book comprise eight chapters. Chapter 1 serves as an extensive introduction to the field, and includes a review of current research activity, and the second chapter covers theoretical considerations and modelling. The next four chapters concentrate on self-healing strategies developed by the authors' group and are structured according to the reaction mechanism (addition polymerisation, cationic polymerisation, anionic polymerisation, miscellaneous reactions, and Diels-Alder reactions). The final chapter covers applications, including sections on coatings and films, elastomers, smart composites, and tyres. Throughout the book, the authors emphasise integration of existing techniques and/or novel synthetic approaches for target-orientated materials design and fabrication. With this book, experienced readers should gain a comprehensive view of the emerging field, while new researchers should understand the framework for creating new materials or new applications. 774 refs. (WSCA Item Number 12/01409)

Section 01 Pigments, Extenders, Dyestuffs and Phosphors

AHMED N M, ABDEL-FATAH H T M & YOUSSEF E A Corrosion studies on tailored zinc cobalt aluminate/kaolin core-shell pigments in alkyd-based paints. Progr. Org. Coat. 2012, Vol 73 No 1, 76-87.

New pigments were prepared based on the reaction of cobalt and zinc species with the aluminium oxide found naturally in kaolin, forming new aluminate pigments with intense colour and concomitant savings. The aluminate layer did not exceed 10% of the total pigment concentration but changed kaolin properties drastically, especially in their corrosion prevention behaviour. Since the zinc content in the prepared pigments was higher than the cobalt content, better corrosion prevention results were obtained. Films containing nano-aluminate pigments performed better than those containing micro-aluminates. A group containing 75% of the prepared pigments of the whole pigment content showed better results than a group containing only 50% of the prepared pigments. This is due to kaolin giving better build film texture with improved properties. Electrochemical investigations were in good agreement with the laboratory test results, confirming all the obtained results. 24 refs. (WSCA Item Number 12/00002)

Section 63 Paints, Etc for Other Specific Uses

GERBER L C, KOEHLER F M, GRASS R N & STARK W J Incorporating micro-organisms into polymer layers provides bio-inspired functional living materials. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, Vol 109 No 1, 90-4.

Artificial two-dimensional biological habitats were prepared from porous polymer layers and inoculated with the fungus Penicillium roqueforti to provide a living material. Such composites of classical industrial ingredients and living micro-organisms may be able to provide a novel form of functional or smart materials with capability for evolutionary adaptation. This allows realisation of most complex responses to environmental stimuli. As a conceptual design, a material surface with self-cleaning capability when subjected to standardised food spill was prepared. Fungal growth and reproduction were observed in between two specifically adapted polymer layers. Gas exchange for breathing and transport of nutrient through a nanoporous top layer allowed selective intake of food whilst limiting the micro-organism to dwell exclusively in between a confined, well-enclosed area of the material. A design of such living materials was demonstrated, and showed both active (eating) and waiting (dormant, hibernation) states with additional recovery for reinitiation of a new active state by observing the metabolic activity over two full nutrition cycles of the living material (active, hibernation, reactivation). This novel class of living materials is expected to be able to provide non-classical solutions in consumer goods such as packaging, indoor surfaces, and in biotechnology. (WSCA Item Number 12/00452)

Section 73 Industrial and Other Hazards

EL BADAWY A M & OTHERS Surface charge-dependent toxicity of silver nanoparticles. Environ. Sci. Tech. 2011, Vol 45 No 1, 283-7.

The toxicity of silver nanoparticles was examined. It was found to be dependent on various factors such as particle size, shape and capping agent. Although these factors may play a role in silver nanoparticle toxicity, the results presented suggested that surface charge is one of the most important factors that govern the toxicity of silver nanoparticles. The toxicity of four silver nanoparticles representing various surface charging scenarios ranging from highly negative to highly positive was investigated. These silver nanoparticles were uncoated silver nanoparticles, citrate-coated silver nanoparticles, polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles, and branched polyethyleneimine-coated silver nanoparticles. The results clearly demonstrated that the silver nanoparticles exhibited surface charge-dependent toxicity on the bacillus species investigated. Ultrafiltration membranes were utilised to purify the silver nanoparticle suspensions from residual impurities prior to the introduction to the microbes. This step was crucial in determining the true silver nanoparticles toxicity. 28 refs. (WSCA Item Number 12/00591)

Section 73 Industrial and Other Hazards

LEE E G, SLAVEN J, BOWEN R B & HARPER M Evaluation of the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) Essentials model with a mixture of organic chemicals at a medium-sized paint producer. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2011, Vol 55 No 1, 16-29.

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Essentials model was evaluated using full-shift exposure measurements of five chemical components in a mixture (acetone, ethylbenzene, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, and xylenes) at a medium-sized plant producing paint materials. Two tasks, batch-making and bucket-washing, were examined. Varying levels of control were already established in both tasks and the average exposures of individual chemicals were considerably lower than the regulatory and advisory 8 hour standards. The average exposure fractions using the additive mixture formula were also less than unity (batch-making: 0.25, bucket-washing: 0.56) indicating the mixture of chemicals did not exceed the combined occupational exposure limit (OEL). The paper version of the COSHH Essentials model was used to calculate a predicted exposure range (PER) for each chemical according to different levels of control. The estimated PER of the tested chemicals for both tasks did not show consistent agreement with exposure measurements when the comparison was made for each control method and this is believed to be because of the considerably different volatilities of the chemicals. Given the combination of health hazard and exposure potential components, the COSHH Essentials model recommended a control approach 'special advice' for both tasks, based on the potential reproductive hazard ascribed to toluene. This would not have been the same conclusion if some other chemical had been substituted (for example styrene, which has the same threshold limit value as toluene). Nevertheless, it was special advice, which had led to the combination of hygienic procedures in place at this plant. The findings suggested that the COSHH essentials model worked reasonably well for the volatile organic chemicals at the plant. However, it was difficult to override the reproductive hazard even though it was meant to be possible in principle. 33 refs. (WSCA Item Number 12/00592)

Books

Reviews of the following books also appeared in theJanuary/February 2012 issue of WSCA:

BAGHDACHI J & PROVDER T (EDITORS) Smart Coatings III. ACS Symposium Series 1050, American Chemical Society, Washington 2010, 229 pp. (ISBN 978-0-84-122565-7). Price £95.00.
This book includes fourteen original papers describing recent developments in smart coatings technology. The first section of Smart Coatings III begins with design and development of self-healing polymers and coatings, technology. The theme of stimuli responsive coatings continues with other three articles in this section, covering stimuli-responsive polymer films, preparation by electrostatic deposition and use of inductive and resistive heating. The second section deals with new platform technologies on smart coatings and their characterisation. The last section of the book examines smart surfaces using coatings which modify the surface properties imparting them special characteristics while performing the traditional coating functions. It includes electroactive polymers as alternatives to cadmium-based coatings, polypyrrole/aluminium flake hybrids as corrosion inhibitors, microencapsulated corrosion inhibitors, coatings with reversible porosity or opacity and wash-permanent nanostructured textiles. The book is intended for use by academics and professionals in related fields. 428 refs. (WSCA Item Number 12/00696)

BEALL G W & POWELL C E Fundamentals of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2011, 185 pp. (ISBN 978-0-521-87643-8). Price £70.00.
This book provides a complete introduction to the science, engineering, and commercial applications of polymer/clay nanocomposites. It begins with a discussion of general concepts, defines specific terms used in the field, and provides newcomers with a strong foundation to the area. The physical and mechanical properties of polymer/clay nanocomposites are then described, with chapters on thermodynamics and kinetics, engineering properties, barrier properties, and flame retardancy. Mechanisms underpinning observed effects, such as ultraviolet resistance, solvent resistance, and hardness, are also explained. In-depth discussions of clay and clay surface treatment, fabrication, and characterisation of nanocomposites are provided, and particular emphasis is placed on the proper use and interpretation of analytical techniques. Commercial applications are discussed throughout, and experimental results are connected with theory. The book is intended for use by graduate students, researchers, and those working in polymer science. 260 refs. (WSCA Item Number 12/00697)

CAMINADE A-M & OTHERS (EDITORS) Dendrimers: Towards Catalytic, Material and Biomedical Uses. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 2011, 538 pp. (ISBN 978-0-470-74881-7). Price £120.00, 144.00 euros.
This book focuses on the properties and uses of dendrimers and dendrons. The book is intended as a reference book about dendrimer applications. It provides an overview of what has currently been done with dendrimers, with numerous references and illustrations. The role of the nanometric size and the multiple functions of dendrimers on the properties is emphasised. The book is divided in four main parts. Part 1 includes six chapters covering synthesis of dendrimers according to polymer type, methods of characterisation (spectroscopy, microscopy, rheology etc), luminescence, stimuli-responsive dendrimers, liquid crystalline dendrimers and encapsulation etc. of nanoparticles by dendrimers. Part 2 contains six chapters on the applications of dendrimers in catalysis. Part 3 examines applications for the elaboration or modification of materials, including self-assembly, formation of multi-layers, and use of dendrimers as chemical and biological sensors. Part 4 considers applications in biology/medicine, including drug encapsulation and delivery, and antimicrobial dendrimers. The book is primarily intended for use by researchers in academia and industry, and should also be of value to post-graduate students in the field. 2366 refs. (WSCA Item Number 12/00698)

DROBNY J G Radiation Technology for Polymers. Second Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton London New York 2010, 283 pp. (ISBN 978-1-4200-9404-6). Price £108.00.
This book updates changes, trends, and general issues in radiation technology. It presents new information to aid further reduction of volatile organic compounds and toxic substances in the environment, develop alternative sources of energy, and harness energy in both medical and industrial applications. The book considers novel uses of ultraviolet/electron beam technology in equipment and instrumentation developments in motor vehicle, electronics, and wood-processing industries, applications used in water-borne coatings and adhesives, film modifications, high-performance coatings, and ink jet technology, and processing of coatings, paints, inks, and adhesives, as well as thermoplastics and elastomers in film, sheet, and other forms. The book discusses new uses for UV and EB irradiation, the response of polymers to irradiation, tests related to dosimetry and radiometry, and related safety and hygiene. It also includes new problems and worked solutions, as well appendices with supplementary information on equipment manufacturers, raw materials suppliers, and principles of green chemistry and sustainability. 804 refs. (WSCA Item Number 12/00699)

MISCHKE P Film Formation in Modern Paint Systems. European Coatings Tech Files, Vincentz Network, Hannover 2010, 192 pp. (ISBN 978-3-86630-861-9). Price 139.00 euros.
This book begins with a brief explanation of the main coating concepts, and goes on to explain methods of application and the physical aspects of drying. Further chapters cover general principles of film formation, oxidative cross-linking, curing of liquid coatings by step-growth reactions, film formation by coating powders and film formation by polymerisation. It also contains a brief overview of test methods. It is suited for everyone aspiring to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of film formation, for newcomers, career-changers, students and professionals who wish to deepen their theoretical knowledge of technique and coatings chemistry, and also for experts who wish to tackle specific problems beyond their daily practice. (WSCA Item Number 12/00700)

MULLER B Understanding Additives. European Coatings Tech Files, Vincentz Network, Hannover 2010, 157 pp. (ISBN 978-3-86630-868-8). Price 119.00 euros.
This book aims to provide information about the mode of action, application and possible side effects of the most important coatings additives, presented in a textbook style. It contains separate chapters on wetting and dispersing agents, substrate-wetting additives/levelling agents, defoamers, rheologically-active additives, catalysts, adhesion promoters, corrosion control additives, protection of coatings from weathering, photoinitiators/ultraviolet initiators, and coalescing agents. The various types of damage eliminated or prevented by additives are illustrated with colour photographs. A buyers' guide is also included. 80 refs. (WSCA Item Number 12/00701)

Section 37 Solventless and Powder Coatings

WERMELING L Thin-film powder coatings. JOT/Oberflaeche 2011, Vol 51 No 7, 40-3.

The use of thin-film powder coatings is described. This technology is becoming increasingly popular, and some of the features of this technology are described. Thin-film powder coatings have a significant advantage of using much less material than conventional powder coatings, thus resulting in lower costs. In general, the application of thin-film powder coatings requires greater attention than standard powder coatings, but is ideal for situation where a constant film thickness is able to be applied. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 11/06785)

Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc

HEINZE P Functional corrosion control using superabsorbing polymers. Farbe Lack 2011, Vol 117 No 10, 26-9.

The use of superabsorbing polymers to improve the corrosion resistance of coatings is described. When such superabsorbers are included in the coating systems, they swell up, thereby filling any pores in the coating, and reducing the transport of ions through the coating. This results in an improvement in the anticorrosive properties of the coating. Technical details of such coatings, and superabsorbing polymers are provided. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 11/06900)

Section 73 Industrial and Other Hazards

SAUNDERS J & BARD D Control of airborne material released from nano-coatings. Proc. NanoKTN/BCF/PRA Conf. 'Nanotechnology and the Coatings Industry', Nottingham, 2011., Paper, 20 pp.

There is reported to be uncertainty of the hazards of the dust generated from the abrasion of nano-coatings compared to conventional materials. However, recent laboratory studies suggest that material released during abrasion showed nanoparticles were made up from the matrix material which contained the embedded nanoparticle additives. Nevertheless, it is not unreasonable to adopt a precautionary approach until proven otherwise. Real-time aerosol instruments that are able to help in the assessment of the risk are tabulated in terms of measurement of number concentration, size distribution and surface area concentration of particles. Machines should be designed such that emissions are as low as possible. If there is still particle release, then there are two main control approaches, one being application of water to dust-producing tool, and the other being local exhaust ventilation (LEV) in which there is air extraction followed by efficient filtration. This latter process is described in detail. (WSCA Item Number 11/07110)

Section 79 Radiation Curing

AYKASHEVA O S & OTHERS Way to increase the protective characteristics of anticorrosive coatings ultraviolet-curing paints. Proc. RadTech Europe 2011 'UV/EB Green Technology for Innovation', Basle (Switzerland) 2011, Paper, 7 pp.

Some trial unsaturated silanes were used on the surface of glass, metal, and titanium dioxide substrates, and were found to form different structures and thicknesses of the adhesive layer. The results of infrared spectroscopy revealed three possible options for the structure of the adhesive component of UV curing on the surface depending on the amount of hydrolysis product of the trial silane on the surface. The layers have a complicated structure, depending on the conditions of the coating, the nature of the substrate surface and the chemical structure of the reaction. The optimal property of the silane was in the formation of a monomolecular layer on the surface. The protected surface of the metal formed the highest density of covalent bonds. (WSCA Item Number 11/07119)

Books

Reviews of the following books also appeared in the December 2011 issue of WSCA

ANON Buyers' guide: powder coatings. Europ. Coatings J. 2011, No 12, 15-71.
Profiles are first provided of three companies. The main part of this buyers' guide comprises a classified listing of products and services provided by businesses in the European powder coatings sector. It includes raw materials, production equipment, pretreatment, application equipment, measuring and testing, environmental technology, paint stripping, and other services. This is followed by an alphabetical listing of companies with contact details (address, telephone and facsimile numbers, and electronic mail addresses). Finally, contact addresses are provided for associations and institutes. (WSCA Item Number 11/07242)

HEILIG M Deutsches Taschenbuch fur Maler und Lackierer 2012 (German Handbook for Painters 2012). 2 volumes. Verlag Georg D W Callwey, Munchen 2011, 324, 139 pp. (ISBN 978-3-7667-1946-1). Price 15 euros.
This handbook is intended for the trade painter/decorator. The first volume is intended for use by the project manager and includes all important information about operational organisation and guidance. The second volume is for workers on the building site with guidance on the professional execution of painting. The handbook includes sections on German trade and educational establishments, regulations and costing calculations. It also provides information relevant to different techniques and materials (cement, plaster, concrete, woodwork, metals, plastics, thermal insulation, etc). A directory of materials and equipment is included. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 11/07243)

Section 03 Oils, Waxes and Related Materials

DE ESPINOSA L M & MEIER M A R Plant oils: the perfect renewable resource for polymer science? Europ. Polym. J. 2011, Vol 47 No 5, 837-52.

A review is presented that discusses the recent progress there has been in synthesising polymers from plant oils. In particular the review considers the use of olefin metathesis and thiol/ene chemistry as synthetic methods for monomers and as polymerisation techniques. A section of the review specifically deals with the synthesis of hyperbranched and cross-linked polymers from plant oils based on acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerisation. There is currently a major resurgence of interest in the thiol/ene addition reaction as a polymerisation technique and for efficient post-polymerisation modification. Although thiol/ene reactions with plant oils have been reported, relatively few articles deal with the synthesis of fatty acid-derived monomers or their polymerisation. These limited studies are selectively discussed. Thiol/ene reactions have also been applied to triglyceride derivatives for the synthesis of cross-linked polymers. It is considered that there is much scope to develop thiol/ene coupling reactions with fatty acids as a synthetic route to new polymers. Finally the review identifies how plant oils may be employed as precursors of thermosetting materials. It is emphasised that more attention needs to be paid to the photochemical reactivity of triglyceride double bonds as a means of introducing polymerisable functionality. 92 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/05905)

Section 49 Pretreatment and Application

LE CALVE P & PAUTASSO J-P Characterisation of surfaces after ultra high pressure water-jetting of shop primer coated steel substrates for new construction in the naval sector. Protect. Coat. Europe 2011, Vol 3 No 2, 16 (4 pp).

The results are presented of a new investigation on the influence of cleaning parameters, such as flow pressure or type of water blasting tools, on surface cleanness, roughness and remaining zinc on the surface. The results are compared with traditional grit-blasted surfaces. No significant effect of the ultra high pressure (UHP) water-jetting tool (hand held gun or robot) and water pressure between 2560 to 3000 bar on the surface profile was observed. Whatever the parameters of water blasting applied on zinc-rich shop primer coated steel, traces of zinc and silica were found on the steel surface. The same observation was also found after conventional abrasive blasting. In addition a mixed iron oxide with either silicon or zinc oxide was detected on the surface after water blasting. The presence of remaining zinc on blasted steel resulted in a longer delay before formation of red oxidation, as observed in a condensation test. (WSCA Item Number 11/06158)

Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc

WADE S A, MART P L & TRUEMAN A R Microbiologically-influenced corrosion in maritime vessels. Corros. & Materials 2011, Vol 36 No 5, 68-79.

A broad review is presented of the internal and external environments for ships and submarines, and provides several case histories of microbiologically-influenced corrosion in maritime vessels, both merchant and naval. Microbiologically-influenced corrosion was found to cause serious problems in a range of locations onboard maritime vessels. Indeed, testing found the widespread presence of microbes related to microbiologically-influenced corrosion in many different areas onboard ships and boats. Some of the problems were reported to have occurred following taking on waters that were most likely polluted with these micro-organisms and the nutrients that they require. This situation should be avoided as far as possible. Field and laboratory techniques for the diagnosis of microbiologically-influenced corrosion are discussed. Prevention and mitigation strategies for microbiologically-influenced corrosion are also described. 67 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/06225)

Section 71 Other Properties and Testing Methods

ARNOLD C & OTHERS Surfactant distribution in water-borne acrylic films. II. Surface investigation. Colloids & Surfaces 2011, Vol A374 Nos 1/3, 58-68.

Surfactant enrichment of the surface of latex films during and after film formation was investigated. The mechanism by which such enrichment occurs is known to be complex with factors such as convection, diffusion and degree of adsorption of surfactant molecules on to the surfaces of latex particles being influential. The practical work involved the synthesis of series of carboxyl-functional methyl methacrylate/butyl acrylate copolymer dispersions by emulsion polymerisation, the latices varying in copolymer composition, particle size and particle morphology (homogeneous or core/shell). In addition composite polymer/clay dispersions were prepared in which synthetic clay was grafted on to the surface of the latex particles. Sodium dodecyl sulphate was employed as surfactant throughout. Surface concentrations of surfactant in dried coatings were investigated using CRS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy with conductiometry being used to obtain the adsorption isotherms of sodium dodecyl sulphate on to latex particles. Surfactant adsorption investigations showed an increase in adsorbed sodium dodecyl sulphate with increase in pH. The presence of the clay nanoparticles on the surface of latex particles was also seen to result in lower levels of sodium dodecyl sulphate adsorption. AFM studies showed the distinct featural arrangements of sodium dodecyl sulphate at the surface of coatings, dependent on conditions with four different conformation layer arrangements being identified. 39 refs. (WSCA Item Number 11/06352)

Publications

Reviews of the following publications also appeared in the November 2011 issue of WSCA

IRFAB Global Industrial Coatings Markets 2010-2020. Part 12. Construction & Infrastructure. Industrial Wood Coatings. Irfab Multi-Client Study, PRA, Hampton 2011, 101 pp. (Available in print and pdf versions from http://www.pra-world.com/gicm). Price on application. (WSCA Item Number 11/06539)

IRFAB Global Industrial Coatings Markets 2010-2020. Part 17. Packaging and General Industrial. Coatings for Plastics. Irfab Multi-Client Study, PRA, Hampton 2011, 93 pp. (Available in print and pdf versions from http://www.pra-world.com/gicm). Price on application. (WSCA Item Number 11/06540)

SCHMIDT M (EDITOR) Coatings Directory (Einkaufsfuhrer) 2012. Vincentz Network, Hannover 2011, 165 pp.
Profiles are first provided of two companies (Beko Technologies GmbH and J Wagner GmbH) described as 'partners of the paint industry'. These are followed by the main directory, which comprises a classified listing of products and services for the coatings industry (raw materials, laboratory and production equipment, testing and measuring equipment, safety equipment and services). A trade names listing and an alphabetical list of suppliers to the coatings industry (with contact details) are also included. Associations and institutes are also listed. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 11/06541)