Recent Highlights

Section 08 Patents: Driers and Minor Additives

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS & SPACE ADMINISTRATION Sol/gel based oxidation catalyst and coating system using same. United States Patent 7655595: Off. Gaz. 2010, Vol 1351 No 1.

An oxidation catalyst system is disclosed, comprising a porous sol/gel binder, and particles of an oxidation catalyst dispersed in the porous sol/gel binder. The particles comprise approximately 10-20 wt. % of the catalyst system. (WSCA Item Number 10/03559)

Section 11 Synthetic Resins (General)

RAQUEZ J-M, DELEGLISE M, LACRAMPE M-F & KRAWCZAK P Thermosetting (bio)materials derived from renewable resources: a critical review. Progr. Polym. Sci. 2010, Vol 35 No 4, 487-509.

This review presents recent advances in the synthesis, properties and applications of thermosetting materials derived from renewable resources. Thermosetting materials are highly cross-linked polymers that are cured or set using heat, or heat and pressure, and/or light irradiation. This results in high-performance products for industry due to their high modulus, strength, durability and resistance towards thermal stress and chemical attacks as provided by their high cross-linking density. In this review, attention is given to the potential opportunities and drawbacks concerning the use of renewable feedstocks in the design of some commonly used networks such as phenolics, epoxy, polyester and polyurethane resins. The utilisation of renewable resources is discussed as a novel and appropriate sustainable feedstock rather than as a substitute for petroleum-based thermosetting materials. 214 refs. (WSCA Item Number 10/03566)

Section 35 Water-borne Paints and their Components

GOSSE J L & FLICKINGER M C What's so interesting about microbial coatings. Proc. American Coatings Conf, Charlotte (North Carolina) 2010, Paper, 12 pp.

It is noted that microbial coatings are catalytically active nanoporous permanent biofilms with engineered thickness and adhesive properties, and are formed from biologically-functionalised water-borne latex paints. They entrap and preserve the activity of a high concentration of living micro-organisms (bacteria, yeast, fungi and algae). Recent results from two model systems are highlighted. These are Rhodopseudomonas palustris latex coatings producing hydrogen gas in response to illumination (a model sunlight absorbing self-tuning photocatalytic coating) and Clostridium ljungdahlii coatings producing ethanol from gas-phase carbon monoxide (a model greenhouse gas absorbing microbial coating). It is felt that the incorporation of living cells and engineering stable porosity and adhesion following rehydration could significantly expand markets for water-borne latex emulsions as reactive paints for large-scale environmental and solar energy applications. 13 refs. (WSCA Item Number 10/03681)

Section 73 Industrial and Other Hazards

LEAD PAINT SAFETY ASSOCIATION Lead exposure affects decorators. Decorator 2009, Vol 78 No 6, 36.

The risks faced by decorators removing lead paint from older buildings is discussed. It is noted that lead may be present from factory-applied primers used until the mid-1980s, although lead is considered to be most likely to be present in buildings which pre-date 1970. The requirements of the Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002 are discussed, and the availability of saliva tests for determining blood lead levels, and dust wipe testing kits for assessing lead levels on site and on the skin is mentioned. Advice on decorating procedures is provided, including covering furniture, working wet, avoiding heat sources and regular cleaning. It is considered that testing for lead in paint on original surfaces and in paint removed from stripped surfaces should be standard practice for buildings pre-dating 1970. (WSCA Item Number 10/04079)

Section 88 Standards and Specifications

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION Methods of test for paints: index of test methods. BS 3900-0, 2010. (ISBN 978 0 580 64646 1, available for purchase at http:/shop.bsigroup.com). Price £124.00.

The standard includes reference to tests on liquid paints (excluding chemical tests), tests involving chemical examination of liquid paints and dried paint films, tests associated with film formation, optical tests on paint films, mechanical tests of applied coatings, durability and environmental tests on paint films, evaluation of paint and varnish defects, testing of coating powders, tests for release of biocides from antifouling paints, and electrochemical methods. (WSCA Item Number 10/04175)

Books

A review of the following book also appeared in the June 2010 issue of WSCA:

MULLER B & RATH W Formulating Adhesives and Sealants. Vincentz Network, Hanover 2010, 324 pp. (ISBN 978-3-86630-858-9). Price 149 euros.  (WSCA Item Number 10/04180)

Section 01 Pigments, Extenders, Dyestuffs and Phosphors

BRINKMANN A & ZOCKOLL A Stabilising zinc and magnesium pigments in water-based coating systems. Farbe Lack 2010, Vol 116 No 2, 28-32.

The stabilisation of zinc and magnesium pigments for use in water-based coating systems is described. Various different methods of stabilisation are described, including chelate complex building epoxy resins, coagulating multilayers, and polypyrrole deposition (the last of which is only suitable for zinc pigments). Technical details of the various methods are provided. In the case of the multilayers, the layers are coagulated on the particle surface in the presence of water but expand in its absence. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 10/02780)

Section 07 Driers and Minor Additives

McDANIEL S, WALES M, RAWLINS J & WILLIAMS E Formulating with bio-engineered additives. II. Enhancing the performance and functionality of paints and coatings. Coatings World 2010, Vol 15 No 3, 46 (10 pp).

The characteristics, mode of action and formulation issues associated with several bioengineered additives, for bio-functional coatings, are reviewed. It is considered that bioengineered additives may be custom-tailored using molecular biology techniques to provide maximum performance for each unique set of conditions. Paints and coatings containing hydrolytic enzymes may have applications in self-healing, chemical catalysis, marine antifoulants and decontamination. They also have potential use in food packaging applications. Antimicrobial peptides have been incorporated into paint formulations and are designed to selectively target the cell membranes of micro-organisms. Antimicrobial peptides also have the ability to work synergistically with traditional biocides and other enzymes. The incorporation of antibodies and viruses into paints and coatings is being investigated. Antibodies may be able to bind contaminants that come into contact with the surface and leave them exposed to attack by other actives designed for that purpose. (WSCA Item Number 10/02855)

Section 21 Nitrogenous Polymers

OPREA S Synthesis and properties of polyurethane elastomers with castor oil as cross-linker. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2010, Vol 87 No 3, 313-20. (WSCA Item Number 10/02947)

Castor oil/polyurethane elastomers were prepared by reacting poly(1,4-butanediol) with aliphatic 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate. The prepolymers were chain-extended with bifunctional precursor chains and/or with castor oil as a trifunctional cross-linker at stoichiometric ratios. These resulted in a series of cross-linked polyurethane elastomers with different structures of the hard segment. The properties of the material were measured by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, atomic force microscopy, as well as tensile properties measurements. The effect of stoichiometric balance (i.e, hydroxyl/isocyanate molar ratio) on the final properties was evaluated. The formation of hydrogen bonds was observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The measured properties were found to be strongly influenced by the molar ratio of chain extenders to the diisocyanate component. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) for the polyurethanes with polyol hydroxyl/isocyanate/chain extender hydroxyl having molar ratios of 1:2:1 and 1:4:3 were found to be -70 and -57 deg. C, respectively. The polyurethanes networks with a hydroxyl/isocyanate/hydroxyl molar ratio of 1:2:1 had good mechanical properties, indicating that this is the optimum ratio to be used in castor oil polyurethane elastomer formulations. The objective of this work was to study the effect of the castor oil cross-linker on the morphology of the resulting cross-linked polyurethanes and to correlate the morphology with the properties of these bio-based cross-linked polyurethanes.

Section 63 Paints, Etc for Other Specific Uses

ANON Novel paint aims for safer air travel. JCT CoatingsTech 2010 Vol 7 No 4, 58-9.

A novel functional coating developed by researchers at a US institute is being investigated for preventing ice build-up on aircraft wings. The added functionality of the coating derives from incorporation of specially formulated electrically conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Once applied to surfaces on aircraft wings, the coating may be energised using the plane's on-board electrical system. The desired result is that the temperature of the coating increases enough to prevent ice from forming. A new three-layer system would replace conventional two-coat systems in use today and includes a primer, the nanotube-containing coating, and a specially-designed protective topcoat. The entire coating system may be applied using typical spray applicators and adheres equally well to curved and flat surfaces. Other possible applications for this novel coating technology are also described. (WSCA Item Number 10/03191)

Section 73 Industrial and Other Hazards

GUHA N & OTHERS Lung cancer risk in painters: a meta-analysis. Environ. Health Perspectives 2010, Vol 118 No 3, 303-12.

A meta-analysis of published data was conducted to quantitatively compare the association between occupation as a painter and the incidence or mortality from lung cancer. Data from 47 independent cohort, record linkage, and case-control studies (from a total of 74 reports) were used, including over 11,000 incident cases or deaths from lung cancer among painters. An increased relative risk for lung cancer in painters was found after controlling for smoking. The relative risk was higher in never-smokers, and persisted when restricted to studies that adjusted for other occupational exposures. The results remained robust when stratified by study design, sex, and study location and are therefore unlikely due to chance or bias. Furthermore, exposure/response analyses suggested that the risk increased with duration of employment. These results support the conclusion that occupational exposures in painters are causally associated with the risk of lung cancer. It is noted that there is great variability and complexity in painting environments, which complicates the interpretation of epidemiologic studies of lung cancer risks in painters, and that painters are exposed to a wide variety of chemical mixtures, with compositions that change over time, as a number of hazardous chemicals, including benzene, some other solvents, phthalates and lead compounds, have been reduced or replaced in paint. However, this has not yet resulted in lower relative risks for lung cancer in painters, as reported in the more recent studies. 187 refs. (WSCA Item Number 10/03337)

Books

Reviews of the following books also appeared in the May 2010 issue of WSCA:

ANON European Coatings Directory 2010/11. Vincentz Network, Hannover 2010, 215 pp. (WSCA Item Number 10/03476)

GREEN W A Industrial Photoinitiators: A Technical Guide. CRC Press, Boca Raton 2010, 302 pp. (ISBN 978-1-4398274-5-1). Price £52.19, $80.96.  (WSCA Item Number 10/03477)

IATROU S (EDITOR) Flooring Yearbook 2010. MPP Ltd, London 2010, 115 pp. Price £9.95. (WSCA Item Number 10/03478)

Section 55 Fouling and Microbiological Attack

ALLERMANN K, SCHNEIDER I, HANGLER M & WITT R Antifouling effects of enzymes in coatings. Proc. Europ. Coatings Conf. 'Marine Coatings II', Berlin (Germany) 2010, Paper, 7 pp.

Enzyme additives from a particular company are discussed, it being noted that fouling organisms use biological adhesives in their initial attachment, and that, therefore, a way to disrupt these adhesives is by using hydrolytic enzymes to degrade essential compounds in the adhesives. The company has produced three different enzyme additives, these being an additive for use in water-borne paint, an additive for use in solvent-based paint for pleasure boats, and an additive for use in solvent-based paint for large ships. The latter product (I) has the enzyme Subtilisin immobilised in an aerogel to obtain increased stability and efficacy. The final aerogel product, is an amorphous powder with a low density, soluble in water and organic solvent (xylene). Results on the use of (I) for commercial ships are said to be promising, with results on one tanker showing similar performance as achieved by traditional copper-containing paint. (WSCA Item Number 10/02474)

Section 55 Fouling and Microbiological Attack

HUANG J-R & OTHERS Marine biofouling inhibition by polyurethane conductive coatings used for fishing net. J. Coatings Tech. Res. 2010, Vol 7 No 1, 111-7.

A new conductive coating was developed for application on fishing nets that may be used as an anode, while submersed in the sea, to generate free chlorine which will in turn inhibit marine biofouling. Long-term field tests were carried out in the Nanao harbour in Taiwan. Electrical resistivity tests showed that polyurethane resin with carbon black and graphite (PU-CG) demonstrate the lowest resistivity. This sample also generated optimal quantities of free chlorine, which performs good antifouling properties. The use of carbon black in conjunction with graphite did prove to yield greater benefits. A 500-day field test showed that the polyurethane/graphite conductive coating reduced the quantity of marine biofouling attached to a cage by approximately 79%. Furthermore, the chlorine produced was within safe levels and judged not to pollute the sea. However, this antifouling system still shows durability problems which remain to be considered. 14 refs. (WSCA Item Number 10/02480)

Section 59 Intumescent and Flame-retardant Coatings

RAVICHANDRAN S & OTHERS Flame-retardant materials from oxidative polymerisation of naturally derived cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) derivatives. ACS, Div. of PMSE, Papers 2009, Vol 101, 1634-5.

Oxidative polymerisation of cardanol in aqueous alkali, by potassium ferricyanide, followed by salting out with sodium chloride provided a brown product, which was washed and extracted with solvent hexanes. Thermal analysis revealed thermal stability to 250 deg. C, more than 50% wt. retention at about 350 deg. C and about 25% char yield at 700 deg. C. Furthermore, the phenolic groups are expected to trap radicals and hinder flame propagation. (WSCA Item Number 10/02514)

Section 61 Coatings for Paper, Wallpaper and Plastics

ANANCHARUNGSUK W & OTHERS Reduction of surface friction of natural rubber film coated with polymethyl methacrylate particles: effect of particle size. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2010, Vol 115 No 6, 3680-6.

The influence was investigated of bonded polymethyl methacrylate latex particles of varying particle size on surface roughness and friction of sulphur pre-vulcanised natural rubber (SPNR) sheets. The sheets were plasma treated prior to surface grafting with acrylamide using UV radiation. Monodisperse anionic polymethyl methacrylate dispersions were prepared by surfactant-free emulsion polymerisation using potassium persulphate as initiator. The latex particles were deposited on to the surface of the pretreated rubber by an immersion technique. The surface coverage by the latex particles was adjusted by varying immersion time and ionic strength (sodium chloride). The surface treated rubber was characterised by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and a friction test machine (apparatus and method described). It was found that for a given surface coverage the surface roughness was directly proportional to the particle size of the acrylic latex. Surface coverage and roughness increased (with concomitant decrease in friction coefficient) as immersion time and ionic strength were increased. Optimum surface coverage was obtained using blends of polymethyl methacrylate latex with large and small particle sizes. (WSCA Item Number 10/02521)

Section 63 Paints, Etc for Other Specific Uses

DE LA VIGNE U Electrically heatable high-technology coatings. Coating 2010, Vol 43 No 1, 23-6.

A high-efficiency electrical heating coating is discussed that consists of an acrylate-based aqueous dispersion with special carbon nanomaterials. Due to the special know-how in processing these special carbon materials, in combination with the outstanding properties of the carbon additives, allows extremely high electrical conductivity values to be obtained. Accordingly, the heatable polymer coatings produced may be supplied with non-hazardous low voltage even at high thermal output. These innovative coatings may be used in the motor vehicle industry, building industry and in the production of machinery and plants. Coatings produced are mechanically rugged and permanently elastic and stand out for their good resistance to water and alkalis. The applied coatings dry within 15-30 minutes and may be painted over, for example with decorative paint. Reference is made to a low temperature version (acrylic-based) and a high temperature version (based on acrylic, silicone or polyvinylidene fluoride). (In German and English). (WSCA Item Number 10/02537)

Books

Reviews of the following books also appeared in the April 2010 issue of WSCA

BARNER-KOWOLLIK C (EDITOR) Handbook of RAFT Polymerization. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim 2009, 543 pp. (ISBN 978-3-527-31924-4). Price £155.00/178.30 euros.  (WSCA Item Number 10/02769)

FERNANDO R H & SUNG L-P (EDITORS) Nanotechnology Applications in Coatings. ACS Symposium Series 1008, American Chemical Society, Washington, 2009, 433 pp. (ISBN 978-0-8412-7448-8). Price $175.00. (WSCA Item Number 10/02770)

US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR & US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010. US Government Printing Office, Washington 2010, 196 pp. (Also available as http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/20/mcs2010.pdf).  (WSCA Item Number 10/02771)

Section 01 Pigments, Extenders, Dyestuffs and Phosphors

LIU Y H & OTHERS New insights into anatase crystallisation behaviour in ionothermal synthesis of nanostructured titanium dioxide. J. Mat. Sci. 2010, Vol 45 No 1, 360-76.<

Anatase crystallisation behaviours in ionothermal syntheses (sol/gel method containing ionic liquid) of nanostructured titanium dioxide was investigated. It was found that the specific physical/chemical characteristics of the water/ionic liquid mixture caused the formation path and crystallinity of anatase titanium dioxide to depend on the water/titanium dioxide precursor (titanium tetraisopropoxide, TIP) molar ratio. An hydroxylated titanium compound was a key intermediate in forming anatase titanium dioxide. It could be directly formed from hydrolysis of titanium dioxide precursor or by ionic liquid-induced water dissolution of the condensation product. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis data indicated that a higher hydroxyl group ratio content of the hydroxylated titanium compound was obtained at medium water/isopropyl titanate ratio and from the system containing hydrophilic ionic liquid, such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. 19 refs. (WSCA Item Number 10/01377)

Section 69 Analytical Methods

BUJAK P, MATLENGIEWICZ M, PASICH M & HENZEL N Microstructure of methyl methacrylate/tert.-butyl acrylate copolymer characterised by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Polym. Bull. 2010, Vol 64 No 3, 259-73.

100-megahertz carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of methyl methacrylate/tert.-butyl acrylate copolymer reveal configurational effects of both comonomers. The microstructure of the macromolecular chain has been determined using carbonyl and beta-methylene carbon signals and the spectral assignments were performed in terms of the configurational-compositional sequences. To determine the line positions of individual sequences, the incremental method of the chemical shift calculation has been applied. Based on these data, the analysed signals were simulated yielding fairly good agreement with the experimental spectra at the pentad level for the carbonyl signal and at the tetrad level for beta-methylene signal. 16 refs. (WSCA Item Number 10/01892)

Section 69 Analytical Methods

MICHAEL I (EDITOR) Directory 2010. Spectroscopy Europe 2010, Supplement, 31 pp.

This international directory provides information on companies offering products and services relevant to the spectroscopy field. Companies are first listed under product headings and subheadings such as atomic absorption, 'chemicals, reagents and reference materials', components, etc (each section being extensively subdivided). An alphabetical company directory is also provided, with contact details (addresses, telephone and facsimile numbers, and electronic mail and World Wide Web addresses). A number of company profiles and a list of conferences, courses and exhibitions in 2010 are also included. (WSCA Item Number 10/01900)

Section 69 Analytical Methods

LEE K A, CASTINO R & VERILLO A E Infrared spectroscopic analysis of modified rosin ester resins. Paint & Coatings Ind. (US) 2010, Vol 26 No 2, 24 (6 pp).

The development is described of quick, easy, reproducible sample preparations that involve little waste for both mid-infrared (MIR) and near-infrared (NIR) analyses of hard, modified resin materials. It was found that within each type of modified rosin ester resin, classification could be made as to which vendor supplied the material. Chemometric analysis of the MIR spectra provided significant information about the resin samples. There were clear differences among spectra in the subsets of samples, indicating lot-to-lot variations in the quality of material. The differences in relative content of anhydride, alkyl, ester, phenolic resin, natural rosin, and acid could be distinguished. The materials could be qualitatively correlated to whether they had only 'phenolic' or 'phenolic'/'maleic' content, as well as to the phenolic or maleic content and viscosity level. The correlation of the MIR spectra to certain physical properties provided some information on the effect of the functional groups on the physical properties. (WSCA Item Number 10/01897)

Books

Reviews  of the following books also appeared in the March 2010 issue of WSCA.

BROCK T, GROTEKLAES M & MISCHKE P European Coatings Handbook. 2nd Revised Edition. Vincentz Network, Hannover 2010, 432 pp. (ISBN 978-3-86630-849-7). Price 139.00 euros. (WSCA Item Number 10/02064)

EMBUSCADO M E & HUBER K C. (EDITORS) Edible Films and Coatings for Food Applications. Springer Science & Business Media, London 2009, 403 pp. (ISBN 978-0-387-92823-4). Price £90.00. (WSCA Item Number 10/02065)

FANUN M (EDITOR) Microemulsions. Properties and Applications. Surfactant Science Series 144, CRC Press, Boca Raton (Florida) 2009, 533 pp. (ISBN 978-1-4200-8959-2). Price $159.95. (WSCA Item Number 10/02066)

KHANNA A S (EDITOR) High-performance Organic Coatings. Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Cambridge 2008, 454 pp. (ISBN 978-1-84569-265-0). Price £45.00, $245.00, 180 euros. (WSCA Item Number 10/02067)

PROVDER T & BAGHDACHI J (EDITORS) Smart Coatings II. ACS Symposium Series 1002, American Chemical Society, Washington 2009, 337 pp. (ISBN 978-0-8412-7218-7). Price $128.71, £90.25. (WSCA Item Number 10/02068)

Section 49 Pretreatment and Application

ANON Next generation electrocoating. Finishing 2009, Vol 33 No 6, 28 (2 pp).

The way in which automotive original-equipment-manufacture (OEM) benefits from fast and accurate electrocoating simulation is examined. A recent electrocoating simulation solution that is an addition to a lineup of software tools for a variety of electrochemical processes is introduced. The simulation of a moving automobile body in real time throughout the electrocoating tank is enabled. Both macro- and meso-scale simulations enable the performance analysis of the actual electrocoating process for a given body-in-white program. (WSCA Item Number 10/00964)