World Surface Coatings Abstracts (WSCA) - Highlights 2004

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WSCA Highlights of the Month - December 2004

The December 2004 issue contains abstracts of 696 articles including the following examples:

Section 09 Natural Resins

LU R & OTHERS Development of a fast-drying lacquer based on raw (Rhus) lacquer sap. Progr. Org. Coat. 2004, Vol 51 No 3, 238-43.
A series of new lacquers, based on raw lacquer sap that dries fast in the natural environment, was developed using a repeated-kurome process involving heating raw lacquer to reduce moisture content, then adding water to increase water content to about 20-25 % (comparable to that in raw lacquer), and repeatedly adding water and reducing it. Fast drying occurred due to the repeated-kurome process for six lacquers; the infrared absorption at 981 recip. cm for the dienes decreased and that at 993 recip. cm for the trienes increased. In addition, the polymerisation of urushiol by laccase was revealed for the first time by the repeated-time course of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurements. The results suggested that the molecular weight of urushiol was gradually increased by the repeated-kurome process, and the emulsion micelle in the raw lacquer decreased from 10 to 1 micrometres in the kurome lacquer. A lacquer based on raw lacquer that dries fast at room temperature and humidity may be obtained by stirring with additional moisture in the reaction vessel, and the kurome process, with a decrease of the urushiol monomer. 18 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/07953)

Section 61 Coatings for Paper, Wallpaper and Plastics

MEHARG A Killer wallpaper. Spectroscopy Europe 2004, Vol 16 No 5, 16-9.
An investigation was made into the use of arsenic, and other pigments, in wallpapers that were produced in the nineteenth century. A portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer was used to investigate the presence of arsenic greens in museums and galleries. The presence of arsenic and mercury was found in some of the early wallpapers produced by William Morris. Analysis of various Victorian wallpapers using X-ray fluorescence and also laser-ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry showed that arsenic, mercury, cadmium, silver and gold are often present in these wallpapers. Arsenic was found to be present in the wallpapers produced by Morris & Co up to the year 1872. (WSCA Item Number 04/08233)

Section 71 Other Properties and Testing Methods

GUNDABALA V R, ZIMMERMAN W B & ROUTH A F Model for surfactant distribution in latex coatings. Langmuir 2004, Vol 20 No 20, 8721-7.
A model for predicting surfactant distribution during solvent evaporation from a dispersion is presented. The determining physical parameters were found to be an adsorption isotherm and diffusion of the surfactant. Surfactant excesses at the top surface were predicted. The magnitude of the isotherm indicates whether an excess or a depletion of surfactant is predicted at the substrate interface. Furthermore, a low Peclet number for this component results in a uniform distribution. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectra of the air/film interface agreed qualitatively with the predicted dependence of interfacial surfactant concentration upon the adsorption isotherm. 26 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/08370)

Section 82 Statistics

REICHWEIN F Market brief: United Arab Emirates, paints and coatings. Bundesagentur fur Aussenwirtschaft, Koln 2004, 14 pp. (Order number 10344). Price 20 euros.
The decorative paint market for interior and exterior use in the United Arab Emirates was estimated at $140 million in 2003, with other paints contributing a further $56 million. Installed production capacity reached 160 million litres. Two companies dominate the UAE paint market: Jotun of Norway with a production capacity of 60 million litres and National Paints of Jordan with 30 million litres. Jotun is the market leader in the industrial paint sector. Smaller local companies have a presence in specialised market niches. Imported products dominate such areas as motor vehicle coatings and printing inks. Colour and resistance to severe climatic conditions are important considerations. Printing in the UAE is experiencing currently something of a boom, following the opening of a business zone in Dubai. Infrastructure maintenance coatings for gas and water pipes and for a new airport in Dubai are also in demand, as are powder coatings in the industrial coatings sector. There is a flourishing ship repair industry in Dubai. Dubai and Abu Dhabi accounted for 93% of UAE's total paint imports in 2003. Statistics are provided by product type and by source (e.g, water-borne paints imported into Dubai from UK DH 16.47 million in 2003). Printing inks accounted for about 30% of imports. Around 40-50% of local production is available for exports. Tariffs, prices, profit margins, distribution and promotion activity are also discussed. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 04/08519)

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WSCA Highlights of the Month - November 2004

The November 2004 issue contains abstracts of 696 articles including the following examples:

Section 01 Pigments, Extenders, Dyestuffs and Phosphors

LARSON G R, PROCOPIO L J & ROSANO W J: Improved performance of water-borne coatings through the formulation of latex polymer-pigment composite particles. (Proc. 31st Internat. Waterborne, High-Solids & Powder Coatings Symposium, New Orleans 2004, Paper, 16 pp.)
The coating performance improvements realised through the formation of latex particle/pigment composites and the influence of polymer composition and coating formulation on composite formation is discussed. It is known that optimum performance of pigmented water-borne coatings strongly depends on the degree to which the pigments are dispersed through out the dried film. Pigments, such as titanium dioxide, that are well dispersed to primary particles maximize such important properties as hiding, film gloss, colour and the effectiveness of the coating as a barrier. One route of providing a more optimum pigment distribution is to form latex polymer/pigment composite particles in the aqueous phase by encapsulating individual titanium dioxide particles with latex particles. During the drying process and film formation, these composites prevent titanium dioxide particles from agglomerating and optimise coating performance and titanium dioxide usage. 12 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/07195)

Section 49 Pretreatment and Application

MULLER G, ROTHER K, STEINBECK-BEHRENS & MULLER C: Towards a process chain for virtual automobile body painting. (Pitture Vernici 2004, Vol 80 No 10, 26-31.)
The modules are described of a software package that allows users to analyse complete automobile bodies (or sections) in a virtual drying or painting process, It currently consists of a drying module (curing time calculation), an electrocoating module (simulation of the electrodeposition process and obtaining the time dependent distribution of lacquer film thickness), a dipping module (estimation of the location and size of possible air bubbles, fluid pits and buoyancy forces, and help in optimising the spatial motion of the body in the lacquer bath), and a toolkit (that generates the volumes of the surrounding air and of the cavities in the body, allowing meshes to be generated for the electrocoat and dip modules). Implementation recommendations are also outlined. (In Italian and English) (WSCA Item Number 04/07457)

Section 55 Fouling and Microbiological Attack

TADROS A B: New marine paint systems based on natural resources. (Surface Coatings Internat. Coatings J. 2004, Vol 87 No A8, 359-61.)
Dead green algae and barnacles collected from Alexandria harbour were incorporated separately in marine coatings which were then applied to wood, steel, aluminium and polyvinyl chloride. The coated panels were immersed for several months in the harbour and were examined photographically and visually for antifouling and anticorrosive behaviour. Heavy metal concentrations in the powdered organisms used were determined. Results after various numbers of days are presented; at fifty-six days the wood substrate coated with the algae-based paint showed the highest antifouling potential, followed by the aluminium coated with the same paint. In a separate frame containing coated large steel panels, the steel coated with the algae-based paint had the lowest rust coated area. (WSCA Item Number 04/07534)

Section 67 Mechanical and Rheological Properties

BANECKI J, KRZOSKA-ADAMCZAK Z & NOWACZYK M: New test method for evaluation of furniture surface resistance to scratching. (PRA Fourth International Woodcoatings Congress 'Developments for a Sustainable Future', The Hague (Netherlands) 2004, Paper 20, 9 pp.)
Tip geometry and tip movement (linear or circular) were investigated. Round robin tests were performed to assess repeatability and reproducibility. Test method modifications are noted. It is concluded that the method proposed as a result of the project investigations enables differentiation of materials in the range of transparent coatings on wood as well as pigmented coatings on wood-based panels. (WSCA Item Number 04/07638)

Section 69 Analytical Methods

POWE A M & OTHERS: Molecular fluorescence, phosphorescence, and chemiluminescence spectrometry. (Anal. Chem. 2004, Vol 76 No 16, 4614-34.)
A review is presented relating to a two-year period from January 2002 to December 2003. Coverage is limited to articles that describe new developments in the theory and practice of molecular luminescence for chemical analysis in the ultraviolet/visible and near-infrared region. Aspects that are reviewed include laser-based techniques, sensors, sample preparation, data reduction, low-temperature luminescence, solid-surface luminescence, dynamic luminescence measurements, near-infrared fluorescence and reagents and probes. 349 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/07665)

A review of the following book also appeared in the November 2004 issue of WSCA: the full book review can be read on the Library Catalogue page of the PRA web site.

STIVISON D S (EDITOR): Metal Finishing: 72nd Guidebook and Directory Issue 2004. (Metal Fin. 2004, Vol 102 No 4A, 912 pp.) (WSCA Item Number 04/07879)

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WSCA Highlights of the Month - October 2004

The October 2004 issue contains abstracts of 636 articles including the following examples:

Section 01 Pigments, Extenders, Dyestuffs and Phosphors

McLEOD M C, GALE W F & ROBERTS C B Metallic nanoparticle production utilising a supercritical carbon dioxide flow process. Langmuir 2004, Vol 20 No 17, 7078-82.
Solutions of either palladium bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonate) or silver mono(hexafluoroacetylacetonate) tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether complex in supercritical carbon dioxide were reduced to metal nano-clusters by hydrogen, or less effectively, by sodium boronhydridotriacetate which was less soluble in the supercritical fluid, when sprayed into the same carrier fluid. A fluorinated thiol ligand was present to stabilise the nanoparticles and to limit their growth. Particles of silver were noticeably more monodisperse than those of palladium. The technique might be refined to permit spray coating by particles by a rapid expansion. (WSCA Item Number 04/06556)

Section 08 Patents: Driers and Minor Additives

BASELL POLYOLEFINE GMBH Graft copolymer mixture with improved properties and the use thereof as an adhesion promoter. European Patent Application 1299438, 10 pp. (Also PCT 02/02661).
A graft copolymer composition is disclosed. It is useful as adhesion promoter, especially in multilayer coating systems, and is effective over wide temperature range. The compsn. comprises 10-50 wt. % ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer and/or ethylene/acrylic acid/acrylic acid ester terpolymer (I), 50-90 wt. % ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer (II), and ethylenically unsatd. dicarboxylic acids and/or anhydrides, grafted on to (I) and (II). Preparation method and uses, especially as coatings on metal pipes, are also claimed. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 04/06584)

Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc

YANEFF P V, ADAMSONS K, CLIFF N & KANOUNI M Migration of reactable ultraviolet absorber and hindered amine light stabilisers (HALS) in motor vehicle plastics coatings. JCT Research 2004, Vol 1 No 3, 201-12.
The migratory patterns of a series of traditional UV absorber and hindered amine light stabilisers additives in fully formulated one-component silane cross-linked coatings applied over both plastics and steel substrates were examined, and their migratory patterns were compared to that of reactable light stabilisers containing hydroxyl functionality. Analysis of the coating layers with the various ultraviolet absorbers and hindered amine light stabilisers revealed that functionalisation of the light stabiliser with reactable hydroxy groups may prevent migration into the plastics, whereas non-reactable light stabilisers migrate into lower coating system layers and even into the plastics substrate. The greatest extent of migration does not occur during initial cure of the wet coating, but during exposure. Significant depletion of the non-reactable light stabilisers from the topcoat occurs as early as 1500 hours of xenon weathering device with exposure. 12 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/06829)

Section 07 Driers and Minor Additives

SACHSENMAIER S Protection against uninvited guests. Malerblatt 2003, Vol 74 No 12, 24-5.
Coatings against insects/spiders and fungi are discussed. Coatings against insects, etc, have been developed as a result of a detailed study of the construction of insect legs, foot claws, and adhesion flaps at the foot ends, which are filled with a liquid, a thin film of which is formed between the adhesion flaps and the base, e.g. a coating. The new coating has highly active microcrystals on its surface and when the insect alights on this surface the crystals injure the flap and the active element of this coating passes into its nervous system causing death within 15 minutes. A French organisation has produced a useful coating system which effectively hinders the growth of fungi. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 04/06848)

Section 88 Standards and Specifications

HARGROVE P Testing for fungal growth in building products: a collaborative effort. Standard. News 2004, Vol 32 No 7, 32-3.
ASTM tests to assess the performance of building products against fungal growth in buildings are critically discussed, and aspects of the tests that may contribute to the variability of results in evaluating building products are listed. The development of a new test method for coated building products by a task group is presented. The work of a second task group to address the same need, but for uncoated building products, including gypsum board and cement board, is also mentioned. (WSCA Item Number 04/07174)

Reviews of the following books also appeared in the October 2004 issue of WSCA: the full book reviews can be read on the Library Catalogue page of the PRA web site.

KJERNSMO D, KLEVEN K & SCHEIE J Corrosion Protection: Inspector's Book of Reference. Hempel A/S, Copenhagen 2003, 470 pp. (ISBN 87-989694-0-4). Price 75 euros. (WSCA Item Number 04/07179)

MALSHE V C & SIKCHI M A Basics of Paint Technology. I. V C Malchie, Mumbai 2004, 579 pp. Price $100.00. (Available from Sevak Publications, Mumbai). (WSCA Item Number 04/07180)

PALMER F W G & DRISKO R W SSPC Basic Spray Application Manual. SSPC 04-05. SSPC Society for Protective Coatings, Pittsburgh 2004, 192 pp. (ISBN 1-889060-78-X). Price $185.00 (SSPC Members $129.50). (WSCA Item Number 04/07181)

VINCENT L D Protective Coatings User's Handbook. NACE International, Houston 2004, 310 pp. (ISBN 1-57590-174-9). Price $116.00. (WSCA Item Number 04/07182)

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WSCA Highlights of the Month - September 2004

The September 2004 issue contains abstracts of 701 articles including the following examples:

Section 01 Pigments, Extenders, Dyestuffs and Phosphors

HIRAKAWA T & KAMAT P V Photoinduced electron storage and surface plasmon modulation in silver/titanium dioxide clusters. Langmuir 2004, Vol 20 No 14, 5645-7.
Silver core/titanium dioxide shell clusters were prepared from silver nitrate and tris(triethanolaminato)titanium isopropoxide. Ultraviolet/visible absorption spectra were determined before and after UV exposure. Spectra were also determined in the presence of an electron acceptor, thionine. It is observed that the photoinduced charge separation in the titanium dioxide shell is followed by electron injection into the silver core. The charging of the silver core is associated with the shift in the surface plasmon band from 460 to 430 nm. The stored electrons are discharged upon exposure of the charged composite to an electron acceptor. As the electrons from the silver core are discharged, the original surface plasmon absorption of the silver core is restored. 21 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/05851)

Section 42 Patents: Printing Inks

HEWLETT-PACKARD DEVELOPMENT CO Lightfast ink jet dye set having colour gamut of silver halide prints. United States Patent 6682589: Off. Gaz. 2004, Vol 1278 No 4.
An ink set for ink jet printing is disclosed that involves a yellow ink comprising Direct Yellow 132 and at least one other yellow dye, a magenta ink comprising a dye having a specified structure (I), a cyan ink comprising Direct Blue 199, and a light dye load magenta ink and/or a light dye load cyan ink. Dye (I) is a chelate containing a central atom and two azo chelating agents, the azo moieties each containing a pyridine group and a quinoline group. (WSCA Item Number 04/06089)

Section 68 Patents: Mechanical and Rheological Properties

HOYA CORP Coating composition, process for producing optical element using the same, and optical element. European Patent Application 1253444, 12 pp.
Scratch-resistant films with good adhesion to plastics, e.g, lenses, are disclosed. The coatings, between the plastics and an inorganic oxide anti-reflection film, contain organo-silicon compound as specified, adhesion-improving acetylene compound(s), and preferably 10-30 wt. % inorganic oxide fine particles (I). The inorganic oxide fine particles (I) are selected from aluminium, iron, tin, zirconium, silicon, titanium, tungsten or antimony oxides. Application process and coated articles are also claimed. (WSCA Item Number 04/06293)

Section 71 Other Properties and Testing Methods

LESTAGE D J & URBAN M W Particle morphology as a control of permeation in polymer films obtained from methyl methacrylate/butyl acrylate colloidal dispersions. Langmuir 2004, Vol 20 No 15, 6443-9.
These investigations, performed in controlled environments, showed that nanoscale permeation of water and anionic surfactant is controllable by adjustment of dispersed particle morphology. Uncoalesced and partially coalesced films were compared. The particles, which comprised polymethyl methacrylate, polybutyl acrylate, blends of the two homopolymers, copolymers of equal weights of each monomer or core/ shell particles, containing almost equal weights of each monomer, permit selective permeation by the principles of gel permeation chromatography. Thus, the higher free volume in polybutyl acrylate, together with its low glass transition temperature, allowed migration of low molecular weight species to the film/air interface. 31 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/06362)

PERERA D Y Effect of pigmentation on organic coating characteristics. Progr. Org. Coat. 2004, Vol 50 No 4, 247-62.
The effects of pigmentation, i.e, type and its volume concentration, on the characteristics of organic coatings are reviewed. In addition, the use and effects of nano-pigments are mentioned. Characteristics include curing, mechanical properties, water transport, glass transition temperature, development of stress, physical ageing, etc. 169 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/06372)

Section 84 Organisation News and Profiles

ANON Mysore Paints gets Rs 40,000 business for indelible ink supply. Paintindia 2004, Vol 54 No 4, 114-5.
Mysore Paints and Varnish has supplied indelible ink, used to mark voters' fingers, to about 25 Indian states and seven Union territories. (WSCA Item Number 04/06500)

Reviews of the following books also appeared in the September 2004 issue of WSCA: the full book reviews can be read on the Library Catalogue page of the PRA web site.

BREBBIA C A, DE HOSSON J T M & NISHIDA S-I (EDITORS) Surface Treatment VI. Computer Methods and Experimental Measurements for Surface Treatment Effects. WIT Press, Ashurst (Southampton) 2003, 344 pp. (ISBN 1-85312-962-3). Price œ133.00. (WSCA Item Number 04/06542)

CHAPMAN G R & OTHERS European Mineral Statistics 1998-2002. British Geological Survey, Keyworth (Nottingham) 2004, 307 pp. (ISBN 0-85272-475-6, available from www.mineralsUK.com). (WSCA Item Number 04/06543)

LAUPPI U V Electron Beam/Ultraviolet/Gamma-Ray Terms. Vincentz Network, Hannover 2003, 159 pp. (ISBN 3-87870-149-7). 109 euros. (In German and English) (WSCA Item Number 04/06544)

ROGERS M E & LONG T E (EDITORS) Synthetic Methods in Step-growth Polymers. John Wiley & Sons Inc, Hoboken (New Jersey) 2003, 605 pp. (ISBN 0-471-38769-X). Price œ79.50. (WSCA Item Number 04/06545)

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WSCA Highlights of the Month - August 2004

The August 2004 issue contains abstracts of 705 articles including the following examples:

Section 49 Pretreatment and Application

SIMPKINS P G & KUCK V J Air entrainment in coatings. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2003, Vol 263 No 2, 562-71.
The mechanism of bubble entrainment in coatings was clarified experimentally. A fibre was drawn downwards through glycerol or another viscous liquid, when a critical fibre speed was found at which air was trapped. It was confirmed that a critical capillary number depended on the physical properties of the coating, in the form of the Morton number, in which the factors are density, surface tension, viscosity and the acceleration due to gravity. Consideration of the liquid supply pressure allowed the displaced free surface interface to be stabilised at a specified location, so that air trapping was eliminated. This approach enabled stable wetting, without air entrapment, at capillary numbers as high as about 50. 35 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/05378)

Section 63 Paints, Etc for Other Specific Uses

THIERRY B, FAGHIHI S & TABRIZIAN M Magnetic resonance signal-enhancing self-assembled coating for endovascular devices. ACS, Div. of PMSE, Papers 2003, Vol 89, 329-30.
A magnetic resonance contrast agent consisting of hyaluronic acid conjugated with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid/disaccharide units and further co-ordinated with gadolinium was used to develop magnetic resonance signal enhancing coatings using a layer-by-layer technique. The conjugate was successfully self-assembled on to polyurethane used as a model surface for polymeric endovascular devices. 10 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/05471)

GONZALEZ-GOMEZ J-A Colouration with stir-in pigments: an innovative concept for dry-tinting of do-it-yourself paints. Proc. PRA 'DIY Paint Retailing' Conf, The Hague (Netherlands) 2004, Paper 13, 12 pp.
Proprietary granular stir-in pigments are discussed. The recent development of a comprehensive range of granular stir-in pigments opens a new dimension for the tinting of DIY paints. This innovative supply form allows clean, safe and quick tinting with instant dry colourants. Tinting options using granular stir-in pigments are in-plant, point-of-sale and point-of-use applications. The advantages of this new supply form for the application in decorative coatings are discussed. 11 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/05466)

Section 71 Other Properties and Testing Methods

TSIGE M & GREST G S Molecular dynamics study of the evaporation process in polymer films. Macromol. 2004, Vol 37 No 12, 4333-5.
Results are presented of large scale molecular dynamics simulations of evaporation from polymer solutions. Formation of a density gradient at the film/vapour interface was observed; it significantly controlled the rate of solvent evaporation. The size of the gradient depended on time and on solvent concentration. 19 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/05612)

VIGNOLA E, WOOD K A & HEDHLI L Electrophoretic mobility evidence of surfactant partitioning in a water-borne latex. Colloid Polym. Sci. 2003, Vol 282 No 1, 64-8.
The effects were investigated of each of four known coalescing agents on the stability of a patented water-borne emulsion of a modified vinylidene fluoride copolymer, either with or without a surfactant. In the absence of surfactant, little change was observed, However, when it was present, it was partitioned between the aqueous phase and the aqueous/polymer interface. The partitioning resulted in unstable peaks in electrophoretic mobility and possible destabilisation, due to desorption from the polymer surface. Addition of coalescing agent to the emulsion, containing ammonium lauryl sulphate, generated a secondary colloidal population of lower electrophoretic mobility. However, the rate of appearance of these new particles varied widely with the coalescing agent, which included diethylene glycol monobutyl ether and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane-1,3-diol monoisobutyrate. 22 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/05615)

Section 75 Pollution and Utilisation of Wastes

THATCHER T L & OTHERS Pollutant dispersion in a large indoor space. I. Scaled experiments using a water-filled model with occupants and furniture. Internat. J. Indoor Environment & Health 2004, Vol 14 No 4, 258-71.
A detailed scaling analysis of a water tank experiment designed to model a large indoor space, and experimental results obtained with this model to assess the influence of furniture and people in the pollutant concentration field at breathing height, are presented. Theoretical calculations are derived for predicting the effects from losses of molecular diffusion, small scale eddies, turbulent kinetic energy, and turbulent mass diffusivity in a scale model, even without Reynolds number matching. Pollutant dispersion experiments were performed in a water-filled 30:1 scale model of a large room, using uranine dye (disodium fluorescein) injected continuously from a small point source. Pollutant concentrations were measured in a plane, using laser-induced fluorescence techniques, for three interior configurations, these being unobstructed, table-like obstructions, and table-like and figure-like obstructions. 24 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/05658)

A review of the following book also appeared in the August 2004 issue of WSCA: full book reviews can be read on the Library Catalogue page of the PRA web site.

FLORIO J J & MILLER D J (EDITORS) Handbook of Coatings Additives. Second Edition. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York & Basel 2004, 613 pp. (ISBN 0-8247-5626-6). Price $175.00.
(WSCA Item Number 04/05843)

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WSCA Highlights of the Month - July 2004

The July 2004 issue contains abstracts of 750 articles including the following examples:

Section 56 Patents: Fouling and Microbiological Attack

DANISCO AS: Composition. ( European Patent Application 1282669, 14 pp. (Also PCT 00/75293).)
The compositions provide an alternative to tributyltin-containing antifouling paints. They have long-term efficacy and improved salt tolerance. The compsns. comprise a surface coating material, an enzyme obtained or obtainable from a marine organism, and a substrate for the enzyme and/or a precursor enzyme and a precursor substrate, such that an antifouling compsn. (preferably hydrogen peroxide) is generated by the action of the enzyme on the substrate. Hexose oxidase enzyme from Chondrus cripus and glucose substrate are specifically claimed. (WSCA Item Number 04/04736)

TOYO GLASS CO: Repellent coating and method using the same. ( Japanese Unexamined Patent 2003/183588.)
A method is disclosed to provide a coating that is able to exhibit a repellent effect preventing a marine organism to adhering to a ship bottom or a marine structure. The coating contains a porous material such as a fine porous glass or inorganic ceramics. More specifically, the porous material or fine non-porous glass powder contained in the coating also contains a chelating agent capable of complexing metal elements present in sea-water (e.g, copper, zinc). The porous material or the fine glass powder has a compsn. such that the functional group is formed on the surface thereof. Through the porous material or the fine glass powder, the element having a repellent effect in the ocean and causing the environmental pollution, may be captured and collected, and the repellent effect of the collected element may be utilised. Accordingly, there is no load on the environment and, on the contrary, the ocean may be cleaned. (WSCA Item Number 04/04741)

Section 71 Other Properties and Testing Methods

GENTNER F, RIOBOO R, BALAND J P & DE CONINCK J: Low inertia impact dynamics for nano-drops. (Langmuir 2004, Vol 20 No 11, 4748-55.)
Impacts at low velocity of a droplet on a flat surface were simulated by molecular dynamics. The spreading radii and dynamic contact angles of an assumed spheroidal droplet were determined. It was shown that the difference between the equilibrium and dynamic values of the contact angle cosine varied with the impact velocity over two distinct regimes. These regimes are describable by existing models of moving contact lines. 28 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/04868)

Section 83 Markets, Marketing and Management

PAINT RESEARCH ASSOCIATION: Economy and performance. (PRA Radcure Coatings & Inks 'Economy and Performance' Conf, Manchester (UK) 2004 . (ISBN 0-9543164-8-7). Price £130 (PRA Members £110).)
This publication contains 16 papers. Topics include cationic photopolymerisation, ink jet technology, curing with inert gas in the production of furniture foils, acrylate monomers, resins for metal coatings, low extractable acrylate compositions, using novel vacuum ultraviolet lamps, water-borne polyurethane dispersion for clear and pigmented coatings, carbon black dispersion, effective use of titanium dioxide, controlling matt effects, latest development in lamp systems, and electron beam curing of inks and overprint varnishes. The papers will be abstracted individually in a subsequent issue of WSCA. (WSCA Item Number 04/05013)

Section 84 Organisation News and Profiles

ANON: Pumice for paint. (Ind. Minerals 2004, No 438, 79.)
Hess Pumice Products Inc, an Idaho-based mining operation and processing facility specialising in extraction and refining of pumice, is hoping to break into the paint industry with two microfine pumice products. Based on the percentage used, it provides sheen control, hiding power, durability and scrubbability to the paint; compared to crystalline silica it has higher bulking value that means it has a higher yield per unit weight. The pumice, or amorphous aluminium silicate, is mined in south-east Idaho, crushed and classified to the desired specifications. One grade is of average particle size of 6 micrometres, and the other 10 micrometres. It is noted that potentially every coatings company that currently uses a crystalline silica or would like to use crystalline silica, is a possible consumer of the product. (WSCA Item Number 04/05033)

Section 88 Standards and Specifications

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION: Paints and varnishes: coating materials and coatings systems for exterior masonry and concrete. Part 1. Classification. (BS EN 1062-1, 2004, 16 pp. (ISBN 0-580-43938-0). Price £56.00.)
Classification by gloss, dry film thickness, grain size, water vapour transmission rate, liquid water permeability, crack bridging and carbon dioxide permeability is described, as is the construction of designation codes. An informative annex relates to the selection of coatings, and indicates substrate factors, architectural factors, durability factors, and specification factors; it also considers application. (WSCA Item Number 04/05138)

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WSCA Highlights of the Month - June 2004

The June 2004 issue contains abstracts of 738 articles including the following examples:

Section 07 Driers and Minor Additives

LEE J Y & LEE H K: Characterisation of organo-bentonite used for polymer nanocomposites. (Mat. Chem. Phys. 2004, Vol 85 No 2/3, 410-5.)
Montmorillonite-rich clay was fractionated from bentonite mined from the Kampo area in South Korea, and was treated with many cationic organo-surfactants. The chemical and physical characteristics of the resulting materials were investigated, and epoxy nanocomposites were also examined. To calculate the exchange content of organo-surfactants, thermogravimetric investigations were carried out and interlayer distances were measured by wide-angle X-ray diffraction. All organo-bentonites were delaminated in the epoxy matrix forming the epoxy/organo-bentonite nanocomposites with various contents. Tensile strength and Young's modulus were modified by the organo-bentonite. 21 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/03701)

Section 11 Synthetic Resins (General)

THOMAS D B & OTHERS: Hydrolytic susceptibility of dithioester chain transfer agents and implications in aqueous reversible addition/fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerisations. (Macromol. 2004, Vol 37 No 5, 1735-41.)
It was shown that rates of hydrolysis and of aminolysis in aqueous media of some water-soluble dithiobenzoate chain transfer agents increased with rise in pH or decrease of the dithioester molecular weight. Mathematical relationships were developed, involving the rate constants for these side reactions, to predict the number of living chain ends and MW, in presence of competitive hydrolysis. MW predictions agreed with those from analysis of polymers. Dithioesters included 4-cyano-4-(dithiobenzoato)pentanoic acid and water-soluble polymers of, e.g, acrylamide, having a dithiobenzoate end group. 38 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/03718)

Section 22 Patents: Nitrogenous Polymers

BAYER AG: Alcohol-blocked polyisocyanates for coil coating. ( European Patent Application 1268601, 13 pp. (Also PCT 01/60886).)
Novel alcohol-blocked aliphatic polyisocyanates are disclosed. They are useful as cross-linking agents in one-pack stoving compositions, especially for polyester or polyacrylate coil coatings, and provide improved resistance to yellowing at high temperature. The alcohols are lower aliphatic alcohols, having b.p. up to 120 deg. C, e.g, ethanol, or polyol, and are used with tetravalent organo-tin compounds as catalyst, and preferably with polyester resin. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 04/03799)

Section 39 Adhesive Compositions

DAGGETT S S: Methacrylates, urethanes and epoxies: beyond bonding basics. (Composites Tech. 2004, Vol 10 No 2, 21-5.)
A practical examination of the complexities of adhesive selection is first made including mixing methods, surface preparation, pot- or work- life, curing methods, fixturing time, time to full cure, health and safety, and reparability. The working properties of urethanes, epoxies and methacrylates are then described with examples of their uses. Reference is included to proprietary products. (WSCA Item Number 04/03865)

Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc

RENDON J L & VALENCIA A: Kinetics of structural rust transformation in environments containing chloride and sulphur dioxide. (Rev. Metalurgia Madrid 2003, Extraordinario, 9-14.)
The behaviour of the rusts produced on low carbon steel exposed in industrial atmospheres, at different distances from the sea, was investigated by simulating the wetting-drying cycle. Coupons electrode potential was monitored and the rust layer was analysed by gravimetric techniques, optical microscopy and Mossbauer spectroscopy. A particular chloride/sulphur ratio in the atmosphere was found, for which rust formation demonstrates a particular behaviour. For this ratio, corrosion rates were much less than expected. A kinetic mechanism for the rust layer formation is postulated as the origin of this special behaviour. The proposed kinetic mechanism for rust formation under these exposure conditions enables new research lines on layer formation and the development of protective rust for industrial marine atmospheres. (WSCA Item Number 04/04001)

Reviews of the following books also appeared in the June 2004 issue of WSCA: the full book reviews can be read on the Library Catalogue page of the PRA web site.

ANON: Coatings Yearbook 2004. (Vincentz Network, Hannover 2004, 138 pp. (ISBN 3-87870-785-1). Price 209 euros.) (WSCA Item Number 04/04386)

COWLEY M & GRIFFITHS M: Practical Guide: Coatings Powders and their Application. (Paint Research Association, Middlesex 2004, 51 pp. (ISBN 0-9543164-4-4). Price £35 (PRA Members and non-members).) (WSCA Item Number 04/04387)

DE LANGE P G: Powder Coatings Chemistry and Technology. (Vincentz Network, Hannover 2004, 384 pp. (ISBN 3-87870-784-3). Price 119 euros.) (WSCA Item Number 04/04388)

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WSCA Highlights of the Month - May 2004

The May 2004 issue contains abstracts of 774 articles including the following examples:

Section 21 Nitrogenous Polymers

CHAHAR S, DASTIDAR M G, CHOUDHARY V & SHARMA D K Synthesis and characterisation of polyurethanes derived from waste black liquor lignin. J. Adhes. Sci. Tech. 2004, Vol 18 No 2, 169-79.
Several polyurethane samples were prepared from laboratory black liquor (LBL) by reacting varying amounts of lignin ranging from 5 to 70% (weight/volume) in polyethylene glycol (PEG) with toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), it being noted that waste black liquor lignin, obtained from bagasse from the small-scale paper industry, may be utilised for the synthesis of polyurethanes. The effects of lignin concentration and molecular weight of the polyether on mechanical and thermal properties of polyurethanes obtained were investigated. The polyurethanes synthesised were characterised for different properties such as shear strength, adhesion and thermal stability. The shear strength of polyurethane joints with aluminium was found to decrease with increase in both lignin concentration and molecular weight of the polyether. Maximum shear strength, i.e, 3.6 Newtons/sq. mm, was shown by 50% (weight/volume) lignin in polyethylene glycol of molecular weight 200. 30 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/03005)

Section 55 Fouling and Microbiological Attack

BOULANGE-PETERMANN L, ROBINE E, RITOUX S & CROMIERES B Hygienic assessment of polymeric coatings by physico-chemical and microbiological approaches. J. Adhes. Sci. Tech. 2004, Vol 18 No 2, 213-25.
Hygienic properties of coatings currently used in wall panels for building applications were investigated by the ease of cleaning as well as in terms of their antifouling property. The surface energy of the coatings was calculated using an acid/base approach. Results were found to be relatively consistent and discrimination was possible between apolar, monopolar basic, or coatings with acid/base character. As far as the fouling aspect is concerned, the bacterial survival, expressed as percentage, is governed by environmental factors such as relative humidity and the presence of nutrients on coatings. Under the experimental conditions that were used, the surface properties of the coatings were found to play a secondary role. On clean coatings, the percentage of survival increases with a decrease of the relative humidity. Soiled coatings are also considered; the nutrients play a protective role in bacterial survival. Cleaning kinetics were ten times as fast on surfaces with an acid/base character as on highly monopolar basic coatings. 22 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/03204)

Section 64 Patents: Paints, Etc for Other Specific Uses

MERCK PATENT GMBH Transparent medium having angle-selective transmission of reflection properties and/or absorption properties. European Patent Application 1272571, 15 pp. (Also PCT 01/77235).
Transparent materials are disclosed which are useful, e.g, as coatings for preventing excessive heat inside buildings generated by solar radiation through windows. The compsns. contain multilayer pigments (with lamellar particle substrates) with angle-selective transmission and/or reflection properties and/or absorption properties. Pigments comprising substrate and pigment layers of ferric oxide, silica, titanium dioxide, etc in a range of combinations are claimed, together with (water-borne) coatings, plastics, etc. containing pigments, and their uses. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 04/03260)

DMC2 DEGUSSA METALS CATALYSTS CERDEC Glass, ceramic and metal substrates with a self-cleaning surface, method for the production and use thereof. European Patent Application 1272442, 8 pp. (Also PCT 01/74739).
The invention relates to self-cleaning hydrophobic surfaces for glass, ceramics and metal substrates. They comprise an at least partially hydrophobised layer with a microstructure on the surface. The layers may be obtained by direct or indirect printing of paste or by electrostatic powder coating, using composition comprising glass frit and other structure-forming particles of specified size, and then treating with fluoroalkylsilane or siloxane to provide micro-rough hydrophobic surface. Uses are claimed in buildings, etc. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 04/03251)

Section 65 Optical Properties (Colour, Gloss, Opacity, Etc)

CRAMER W R & GABEL P W Triangular relations between coloured, aluminium and interference pigments. Farbe Lack 2003, Vol 109 No 10, 78 (4 pp).
Model mixtures of an absorbing blue pigment, a transparent nacreous pigment, and an aluminium pigment were investigated in order to assess the possibility of combining the advantages of different pigments. It was found that a pleasing effect was obtained by mixing the absorbing blue pigment with nacreous blue pigment, but a problem arose from the fact that the transparent nacreous blue pigment had poor covering power, which was rectified by addition of aluminium pigment. Triangular relations between the three pigments were tested by 'placing' the three pigments at the corners of a triangle, and the results of this exercise were considered in detail. Some other aspects considered were alteration of brightness by aluminium pigment, and characterisation of interference pigments by alteration of illumination angle. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 04/03280)

Section 73 Industrial and Other Hazards

RENWICK L C, BROWN D, CLOUTER A & DONALDSON K Increased inflammation and altered macrophage chemotactic responses caused by two ultrafine particle types. Occup. Environ. Med. 2004, Vol 61 No 5, 442-7.
The ability of ultrafine and fine particles of titanium dioxide and carbon black to induce inflammation, cause epithelial injury, and affect the alveolar macrophage clearance functions of phagocytosis and chemotaxis in vivo, was compared. Rats were instilled with fine and ultrafine carbon black and titanium dioxide. Inflammation was quantified by bronchoalveolar lavage, and the ability of the macrophages to phagoytose indicator fluorescent beads and to migrate towards aC5a were determined. It was concluded that ultrafine particles of two very different materials induced inflammation and epithelial damage to a greater extent than their fine counterparts. In general, the effect of ultrafine carbon black was greater than ultrafine titanium dioxide, suggesting that there are differences in the likely harmfulness of different types of ultrafine particle. 31 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/03430)

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WSCA Highlights of the Month - April 2004

The April 2004 issue contains abstracts of 743 articles including the following examples:

Section 17 Oxygenated Polymers

OYMAN Z O, MING W & VAN DER LINDE R Oxidation of model compound emulsions for alkyd paints under the influence of cobalt drier. Progr. Org. Coat. 2003, Vol 48 No 1, 80-91.
A systematic investigation was performed on the oxidation of different model compounds (including methyl oleate, ethyl linoleate, and methyl linolenate) in emulsions under the influence of an emulsifiable cobalt drier. Raman spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance FTIR, and proton NMR were used. Raman spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance FTIR demonstrated that there was essentially no observable chemical change during the evaporation of the water. The oxidation of model compounds in emulsions, after water evaporation, was found to be similar to the oxidation of bulk/solvent-borne compounds. The presence of an emulsifier (sodium dodecyl sulphate) and water did not show any significant effects on the oxidation of the model compounds. 33 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/02209)

Section 38 Patents: Solventless and Powder Coatings

KANSAI PAINT CO Thermosetting powder coating composition. Japanese Unexamined Patent 2003/073615.
The composition is used to coat automobiles, has good storage stability and produces coatings with good finishes. It comprises an epoxidised resin, an acid anhydride curing agent, and porous aluminium oxide/silica. A method for forming a coating film for an automobile is also disclosed that comprises applying a thermosetting, water-borne coloured basecoat, electrostatic coating of a clear powder coating dry-on-wet on the uncured water-borne coating, and thermally curing the two coating films. (WSCA Item Number 04/02282)

Section 63 Paints, Etc for Other Specific Uses

KUMAR D Recent developments in protective coatings for naval ships. Paintindia Annual 2004, 79-82.
The formulation of high-performance exterior paint, paint systems for bilge compartments, tough paints for boot top areas, paints for application on wet surfaces and intumescent fire-retardant paint, which have shown encouraging performance on naval ships, is discussed. Coating performances were evaluated. In the case of high-performance exterior paints for superstructures, paint formulations were prepared using soya bean alkyd resin with 30% silicone content, rutile titanium dioxide as a pigment at varying pigment volume concentrations and suitable tinting agents for obtaining dark admiralty and light grey shades; the prepared paints were evaluated for resistance to weathering under natural as well as accelerated conditions along with conventional alkyd paints. (WSCA Item Number 04/02475)

Section 65 Optical Properties (Colour, Gloss, Opacity, Etc)

DIETZ P F Effect of titanium dioxide dispersion and entrapped air on the opacity of alkyd and acrylic emulsion paints. Surface Coatings Internat. Coatings J. 2004, Vol 87 No A1, 18-24.
The causes and possible remedies for the shortfall in optical performance in both acrylic and alkyd emulsion technologies compared with their solvent-borne counterparts are discussed, together with the ongoing research into the part played by entrapped air on the performance of high-gloss emulsion paints. The subjects of pigment dispersion, crowding/flocculation of titanium dioxide pigment, the influence of the refractive index and the effect of entrapped air, are addressed. It is concluded that through the careful selection of emulsion particle size and consideration of the refractive index of the medium, emulsion paints of similar, or better, opacity per unit volume of titanium dioxide should be within the grasp of the paint formulator. (WSCA Item Number 04/02533)

Section 79 Radiation Curing

DAVIS K Light-emitting diode (LED) curing versus conventional ultraviolet-curing systems: property comparisons of acrylates and epoxies. Proc. Radtech Europe, Berlin 2003, Vol I, 133-40.
The curing of both urethane acrylate and epoxy materials was compared using a mercury lamp and a UV light emitting diode (LED) curing system and it was found that curing could take place in less than 1 second. The fast curing rate for the urethane acrylate with both light sources was due to wavelength matching of the source to the absorption peak of the material and the reaction kinetics. For the epoxy materials, the absorption wavelengths of the cationic photoinitiators did not match with emission wavelengths of the LED system. A sensitiser was required to increase the absorption of the LED system emissions centred at 396 nm to achieve a partial cure of 45%, similar to the low intensity cure achieved by the arc lamp system on the same material without sensitiser. Excessive photoinitiator and sensitiser resulted in a skin effect and limited the depth of cure. (WSCA Item Number 04/02734)

Reviews of the following books also appeared in the April 2004 issue of WSCA: the full book reviews can be read on the Library Catalogue page of the PRA web site.

ANON European Coatings Directory 2004. Vincentz Network, Hannover 2004, 284 pp. (ISBN 3-87870-540-9). (WSCA Item Number 04/02874)

ROBERTS M (EDITOR) Waste Management Yearbook 2004. McMillan-Scott plc, Birmingham 2004, 146 pp. Price œ25.00. (WSCA Item Number 04/02875)

WESTLAND S & RIPAMONTI C Computational Colour Science using MATLAB. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester 2004, 207 pp. (ISBN 0-470-84562-7). Price œ45.00. (WSCA Item Number 04/02876)

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WSCA Highlights of the Month - March 2004

The March 2004 issue contains abstracts of 642 articles including the following examples:

Section 01 Pigments, Extenders, Dyestuffs and Phosphors

LIN C-T & OTHERS Nanograin magnetoresistive manganite coatings for electromagnetic interference shielding against directed energy pulses. Progr. Org. Coat. 2003, Vol 47 Nos 3/4, 190-7.
Two magnetoresistive manganites (two different lanthanum strontium manganites) were synthesised by the environmentally friendly 'deposition by aqueous acetate solution (DAAS)' technique. Properties such as crystal structure, film morphology, infrared spectra, electrical resistivity, magnetisation, etc were determined. The manganite film has a grain size of approximately 100 nm and may be processed as thinly as approximately 0.03 micrometres per layer; the powder form has a crystallite size of approximately 40 nanometres. These magnetoresistive materials were shown to be effective and inexpensive electromagnetic interference (EMI) shields for the extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. 19 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/01506)

Section 05 Solvents, Plasticisers and Intermediates

HARRIS P It's a small world: nanoparticles' growing influence. Ind. Minerals 2003, No 433, 60-3.
Nanoparticulate titanium dioxide, titanium dioxide-coated glass, clays nanomaterials (including flame retardants, motor vehicle components, and barrier coatings for tennis balls), talc and silica are discussed, followed by areas to watch (calcium carbonate, barium sulphate, lanthanum carbonate for algal growth control, etc). Prices of various nanomaterials are tabulated. (WSCA Item Number 04/01549)

Section 17 Oxygenated Polymers

BHAWAL S, DHOBLE D & DEVI S Revisiting emulsion polymerisation to produce stable, translucent, nano-latex of partially water-soluble monomers, ethyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2003, Vol 90 No 10, 2593-603.
Nano-latices were produced by emulsion copolymerisation of ethyl acrylate with methyl methacrylate. Batch polymerisations were carried out with sodium dodecyl sulphate as stabiliser, and potassium persulphate and azobisisobutyronitrile as initiators. Investigated were kinetics, light scattering of particles, and differential scanning calorimetry of the polymer produced. Monomer/stabiliser ratios were 10 to 50. The rate of particle nucleation was higher than the growth rate of particles so that large numbers of small particles were formed on a continuing basis during polymerisation. The appearance of two glass transition temperatures in the differential scanning calorimetry examination indicated that particle generation was by both homogeneous and micellar nucleation mechanisms, this result also supported by nuclear magnetic resonance data. Particles were produced in the ranges otherwise obtained by microemulsion polymerisation, with ranges of 15-100 and 50-120 nm seen depending on conditions. 19 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/01607)

Section 37 Solventless and Powder Coatings

FRISCH F Nanotechnology in powder coating. JOT/Oberflaeche 2003, Vol 43 No 2, 18 (2 pp).
The use of nanoparticles in powder technology, especially by application of the sol/gel process, and the advantages of their use are considered. The basic principle of nanotechnology relates to an organic/inorganic network in which the nanoparticles are chemically bonded. The nanocomposites obtained may be prepared by a cost-effective sol/gel process, and experience over a number of years has shown the potential for greatly extending the range of conventional powder coating. In conventional powder coating based on pure polymers the viscosity and curing behaviour as a function of temperature may be varied by varying the polymer structure only over rather narrow limits; but with nanotechnology the property profile may be varied over a wide temperature range, and the melt viscosity and cross-linking temperature are much lower, so that relatively thin coatings may be obtained with a smooth surface. An important advantage of the use of nanoparticles in powder coatings is that the paints may be applied to temperature-sensitive surfaces. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 04/01704)

Section 63 Paints, Etc for Other Specific Uses

ANON Nanoparticles preserve paint gloss. Europ. Automotive Design 2004, Vol 8 No 2, 18.
A clear coat lacquer incorporating microparticles has been developed by a German company for use on automobiles. It is expected to be used on series production vehicles by the end of 2004. The coating contains ceramic particles of diameter less than 200 nm, which cross-link into a dense and smoothly structured network in the paintshop oven, at temperatures above 140 deg. C. The results of performance tests are discussed. The company is also investigating nanostructured surfaces with dirt-deflecting properties for wheels, and is also considering the possibility of incorporating solar cells into coatings, which could produce electricity to supplement the vehicle's power supply. (WSCA Item Number 04/01840)

Section 83 Markets, Marketing and Management

VELTMAN C On tap at (paint company): a paint-themed pub. Coatings World 2003, Vol 8 No 10, 18-20.
A UK paint company has formed a partnership with a pub chain to create a paint-themed pub in Manchester, UK. The pub changes its colour theme each season and even the food is colour themed. Customers are able to make an appointment with a colour consultant to obtain decorating advice. The paint company is keen to expand its image in the UK and Europe, and plans to develop more paint-themed pubs around the country. (WSCA Item Number 04/02059)

Patents

ENGELHARD CORP Kaolin clay glossing pigment and preparation thereof. United States Patent 6585822: Off. Gaz. 2003, Vol 1272 No 1. (WSCA Item Number 04/01520)

SUD-CHEMIE AG Method for production of synthetic zeolites with an MFI structure. European Patent Application 1230157, 33 pp. (Also PCT 01/30697). (WSCA Item Number 04/01568)

NANOGRAM CORP Polymer/inorganic particle composites. United States Patent 6599631: Off. Gaz. 2003, Vol 1272 No 5. (WSCA Item Number 04/01587)

UNIVERSITY OF LIEGE; UNIVERSITE DE MONS-HAINAUT Method of preparation of polyester nanocomposite. European Patent Application 1247829, 10 pp. (WSCA Item Number 04/01639)

Reviews of the following books also appeared in the March 2004 issue of WSCA: the full book reviews can be read on the Library Catalogue page of the PRA web site

ANON Environmental Consultancy Directory 2004. Environmental Data Services Ltd, London 2004, 115 pp. (ISBN 0-907673-20-1X). Price £50.00, free to ENDS Report subscribers. (WSCA Item Number 04/02132)

KAMP F & WHITE M Little Dictionary of Printing Terms for Flexographers. Whitmar Publications Ltd, Tunbridge Wells (Kent) 2004, 120 pp. Price £9.99, free to colleges and educational institutions (WSCA Item Number 04/02133).

For further information on WSCA please contact the Editor Dr Norman Morgan

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WSCA Highlights of the Month - February 2004

The February 2004 issue contains abstracts of 747 articles including the following examples:

Section 01 Pigments, Extenders, Dyestuffs and Phosphors

LEE Y C & OTHERS: Photocatalysis and hydrophilicity of doped titanium dioxide thin films. (J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2003, Vol 267 No 1, 127-31.)
Transparent titanium dioxide thin films were prepared by a dip coating process using a polymeric sol including additives such as aluminium, tungsten and aluminium/tungsten. Use of tungstic acid significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity of the films, as assessed by photodegradation of methylene blue. In contrast, doping with aluminium tri(sec.-butoxide) decreased the activity. However, doping with aluminium alone or together with tungsten, increased the film hydrophilicity. The most effective factor for high hydrophilicity was the surface concentration of titanium(III) point defects. Photocatalysis is thought to be sensitive to bulk properties, whilst hydrophilicity is restricted to the surface and interfacial regions. 19 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/00753)

Section 36 Patents: Water-borne Paints and their Components

AKZO NOBEL INC: Process for preparing an aqueous powder coating dispersion. ( United States Patent Application 20030092799, 12 pp.)
Stable powder coating slurries with particles having diameter 50-800 nm are disclosed. The particles are prepared by dispersing binder resin(s) in aqueous medium in a phase inversion emulsification process, adding a cross-linker component(s) with or after aqueous medium, and optionally mixing. The slurries may also be prepared by dispersing the cross-linker component and then adding the resin component. Compsns may also contain pigment(s) and dispersant(s). Binder/cross-linker mixture curable at ambient temperature is specifically claimed. (WSCA Item Number 04/00887)

BASF COATINGS AG: Powder clear varnish and aqueous powder clear varnish slurry. ( United States Patent 6512026, 17 pp.)
Powder clear coat and powder clear coat slurry compositions, providing improved etch stability and yellowing resistance, are disclosed. The powder clear coat slurry coatings have adhesion to water-borne basecoats, and show reduced delamination tendencies. The compsns. comprise at least one epoxide-containing binder(s) (containing 0.5-40 wt. % (based on the binder) of copolymerised glycidyl-containing monomers) and, as cross-linking agent system at least one tris(alkoxycarbonylamino)triazine(s), and polycarboxylic acid(s) and/or carboxy-functional polyester; the compsn. additionally contains polyol(s). The compsn. may alternatively comprise carboxyl-containing polymer as binder, and at least one tris(alkoxycarbonylamino)triazine and at least one oligomeric or polymeric, epoxide-containing cross-linking agent; the compsn. additionally contains polyol(s). (WSCA Item Number 04/00890)

Section 40 Patents: Adhesive Compositions

HENKEL KGAA: Hot-melt adhesive in granular form. ( European Patent Application 1237987, 18 pp. (Also PCT 01/27188).)
The hot-melt adhesive composition is storage stable at high temperatures and pressure in granular form. It comprises core of hot-melt adhesive in outer shell, the outer shell comprising 10-25 wt. % polyolefin wax, especially polyethylene or Fischer Tropsch wax, 1-5 wt. % sugar alcohols, especially sorbitol and mannitol, as film formers, 0.05-0.25 wt. % wetting and/or anti-foaming agent(s) and optionally resin, etc. Preparation and uses are also claimed. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 04/00922)

Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc

COLE I S & OTHERS: Holistic model for atmospheric corrosion. II. Experimental measurement of deposition of marine salts in a number of long range studies. (Corros. Eng. Sci. Tech. 2003, Vol 38 No 4, 259-66.)
The results from three transects across the Australian continent were considered. In each transect, the airborne salinity was measured using the wet candle method at distances from 10 metres to 40-300 kilometres from the coast. On the basis of this experimental study, the general validity of the fundamental concepts put forward earlier was assessed. Further, the feasibility of building a mathematical model to predict salinity was determined. The main factors causing variations in salinity on land are outlined. The results are then used to assist in the interpretation of previous work in the literature. 14 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/01020)

Section 67 Mechanical and Rheological Properties

JAEHNICHEN K, FRANK J, PLEUL D & SIMON F: Study of paint adhesion to polymeric substrates. (J. Adhes. Sci. Tech. 2003, Vol 17 No 12, 1635-54.)
The surface of polypropylene/ethylene propylene rubber (PP-EPR) blends was modified by flame or plasma treatments in order to explore the fundamental mechanism of paint adhesion to polymer substrates. The changes in surface composition and properties were investigated and are discussed in the light of the results of simple adhesion tests. The topography and surface properties of the polymer blend samples were investigated by employing various surface sensitive techniques. Additionally, the surface properties of the pretreated polymer blends were compared with the model polymers polymethyl methacrylate and polycarbonate displaying a poor and a good paint adhesion, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements showed that the miscibility of the polymer substrate with paint components was an essential factor for the understanding of the adhesion mechanism. A general model of paint adhesion to polymer surfaces is proposed, where the degree of interdiffusion of the polymer chains of the substrate and paint in the interphase determines the adhesion strength. 35 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/01175)

Section 79 Radiation Curing

TURGIS J-D, VERGE C & COQUERET X: Composition effects on the electron beam (EB)-induced cross-linking of some acrylate and methacrylate copolymers. (Radiat. Phys. & Chem. 2003, Vol 67 Nos 3/4, 409-13.)
Electron beam irradiation of butyl acrylate copolymers, including with increasing proportions of methyl methacrylate, showed that the yield of cross-linked copolymer increased gradually with the acrylate monomer content. In contrast, chain scission efficiency passed though a minimum at about 20 mole % of the methacrylate. Introduction of pendent unsaturation into polybutyl acrylate, by partial transesterification with allyl alcohol, increased the efficiency of radiation-induced cross-linking. This effect was also evident in water-borne acrylic emulsion polymer films. (WSCA Item Number 04/01352)

Reviews of the following books also appeared in the February 2004 issue of WSCA: the full book reviews can be read on the Library Catalogue page of the PRA web site

ANON: Coatings/Anstrichstoffe/Lakokrasochnye Materialy. (Vincentz Network, Hannover 2003, 705 pp. (ISBN 3-87870-147-0). Price 189 euros.) (WSCA Item Number 04/01489)

GOODWIN J W: Colloids and Interfaces with Surfactants and Polymers. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester 2004, 285 pp. (ISBN 0-470-84143-5). Price £29.95 (45 euros).) (WSCA Item Number 04/01490)

MORGAN N R & MORRELL S: PRA Select: Photocatalysis. Volume II. (Paint Research Association, Teddington (Middlesex) 2004, 96 pp. Price £120 (£100 to PRA Members PRA Hygienic Coatings Special Interest Group). (Also available in Adobe Acrobat pdf format).) (WSCA Item Number 04/01491)

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WSCA Highlights of the Month - January 2004

The January 2004 issue contains abstracts of 744 articles including the following examples:

Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc

LEE H S & OTHERS: Development of corrosion sensors for monitoring steel-corroding agents in reinforced concrete structures. (Mat. & Corros. 2003, Vol 54 No 4, 229-34.)
Corrosion sensors were devised to develop a system whereby the depth of chloride permeation from concrete surfaces may be monitored non-destructively on a real-time basis using such sensors embedded in the cover concrete of reinforced concrete structures. The proposed corrosion sensors were subjected to accelerated corrosion in salt solutions, mortar specimens intrinsically containing chlorides, and mortar specimens impregnated with chloride solutions, while recording the changes in the resistance readings. The resistance of sensors increased as the degree of corrosion increased. The time to the first change in the resistance decreased and the corrosion degree and resistance increased as the chloride concentration increased and as the distance from mortar surfaces decreased. It was therefore confirmed that the corrosion sensors are capable of monitoring the depth of chloride permeation with sufficient accuracy. (WSCA Item Number 04/00344)

Section 64 Patents: Paints, Etc for Other Specific Uses

HENKEL KGAA: Method for separating adhesive bonded components. ( European Patent Application 1238034, 15 pp. (Also PCT 01/30932).)
The invention relates to reversible separation of adhesively-bonded composites by electromagnetic alternating fields. The composites contain primer coating(s) with nanoparticles having ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, superparamagnetic or piezoelectric properties, and which generate heat locally on application of electromagnetic alternating fields. The heat generated is capable of softening adjacent polymeric layers. (In German) (WSCA Item Number 04/00450)

Section 67 Mechanical and Rheological Properties

SISOEV G M, MATAR O K & LAWRENCE C J: Modelling of film flow over a spinning disk. (J. Chem. Tech. Biotech. 2003, Vol 78 No 2, 151-5.)
Computed non-linear waves of the second family of solutions of a specified model, which describes the falling film problem, were used to model the waves that accompany the flow over a rotating disk at large Eckman number. The experimental work of a specific worker was used to validate the modelling approach, and good agreement was observed between theory and experiment. In a practical example waves of peak thickness 200 micrometres were observed on a film of mean thickness 50 micrometres for flow of surfactant-doped water at 7 cu. cm second on a disk spinning at 500 rpm. It is noted that a reliable mathematical model will facilitate control of flow over a spinning disk, which, in turn, will allow a priori prediction of the parameter ranges that, for instance, may maximise intensification of heat and mass transfer rates within the waves. These high transport rates, and the associated large mixing and reaction rates, may permit the use of a spinning disk as an efficient and safe chemical reactor, which minimises waste production. 24 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/00505)

Section 71 Other Properties and Testing Methods

LEE J Y, SHOU Z & BALAZS A C: Predicting the morphologies of confined copolymer/nanoparticle mixtures. (Macromol. 2003, Vol 36 No 20, 7730-9.)
A computational model and scaling theory were developed to investigate some properties of diblock copolymer/nanoparticle films, confined between hard walls. It was found that, in such a restricted space, a polymer-induced depletion attraction drove the particles to the walls, where, if they were chemically different from the wall, they modified the chemical nature of the wall. This effect, in turn, influenced the wall/polymer interaction and the film structure. Furthermore, it was shown that the walls may be used to promote self-assembly of the mixture into nano-wires that extend through the films, between nano-scale polymer domains. Since this technique relies on entropic effects, it may be considered as a general method of more general application than those that employ chemistry-specific enthalpic effects. 29 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/00572)

Section 75 Pollution and Utilisation of Wastes

AOYAMA M: Removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solution by London plane leaves. (J. Chem. Tech. Biotech. 2003, Vol 78 No 5, 601-4.)
The effect of initial metal concentration, contact time and solution temperature of the removal of chromium(VI) from solution by waste London plane leaves, generated by the pruning of street trees, was examined in batch mode conditions. The removal of chromium(VI) was highly concentration-dependent and mainly governed by physicochemical adsorption under the weak acidic conditions studied. The equilibrium data fit well in the Langmuir isotherm model. The Langmuir constants were calculated at different temperatures and both the adsorption capacity and adsorption intensity increased with rising temperature. The endothermic nature of the chromium(VI) adsorption was confirmed by the thermodynamic parameters. The investigation showed that the waste leaves are able to be used as an effective adsorbent for removal of chromium(VI) from waste water. 27 refs. (WSCA Item Number 04/00617)

Reviews of the following books also appeared in the January 2004 issue of WSCA: the full book reviews can be read on the library catalogue page of the PRA web site

HALMBURGER K: Deutsches Taschenbuch fur Maler und Lackierer 2004 (German Handbook for Painters 2004). (Verlag Georg D W Callwey, Munchen 2004, 400 pp. (ISBN 3-7667-1590-9).) (WSCA Item Number 04/00738)

JOTISCHKY H: Corrosion and Associated Costs in the UK Automotive Sector. (Paint Research Association, Teddington 2001, 30 pp. Price £156;25.) (WSCA Item Number 04/00739)

KUEHNI R G: Color Space and its Divisions: Color Order from Antiquity to the Present. (Wiley Interscience, Hoboken (New Jersey) 2003, 408 pp. (ISBN 0-471-32670-4). Price £156;65.95 (91.30 euros).) (WSCA Item Number 04/00740)

MITTAL K L (EDITOR): Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion. Vol 2. (VSP BV, Zeist (Netherlands) 2002, 561 pp. (ISBN 90-6764-370-X). Price 232 euros ($313.00).) (WSCA Item Number 04/00741)

RAILKIN A I: Marine Biofouling: Colonisation Processes and Defenses. (CRC Press, Boca Raton (Florida) 2004, 303 pp. (ISBN 0-8493-1419-4). Price $139.95.) (WSCA Item Number 04/00742)

WHITEHOUSE N R: Corrosion and Associated Costs in the UK Food and Drink Sector. (Paint Research Association, Teddington 2001, 49 pp. Price £156;25.) (WSCA Item Number 04/00743)

WHITEHOUSE N R: Corrosion and Associated Costs in the UK Constructional Steelwork Sector. (Paint Research Association, Teddington 2001, 37 pp. Price £156;25.) (WSCA Item Number 04/00744)

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