World Surface Coatings Abstracts (WSCA) - Highlights 2006
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WSCA Highlights of the Month - December 2006
The December 2006 issue of WSCA contains abstracts of 707
articles including the following examples:
Section 43 Printing, Image-producing and Recording
Materials
ZOLLMER V & OTHERS Printing with aerosols.
Europ. Coatings J. 2006, Nos 7/8, 46-50.
A new maskless mesoscale materials deposition technique is
discussed that allows printing with colloidal inks with arbitrary
viscosities ranging from 0.7 to 1000 milliPascal.second. Precise
structures down to about 10 micrometres or even below may be
written directly on virtually any surface material without the
use of masks. The end result is a high quality mesoscale
structure with good edge definition and near-bulk electronic
properties. In combination with special nanoscaled inks, the
technique has potential uses in the electrical and semiconducting
applications as well as in the motor vehicle and medical
industries. In addition to electronic and sensor components and
structures, biological functional structures may also be
deposited. Maskless mesoscale materials deposition technology is
able to deposit a wide variety of materials, including metals,
conductors, insulators, ferrites, polymers, adhesives and
biological materials, and on virtually any substrate material.
(WSCA Item Number 06/07913)
Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc
HU J-M, LIU X-L, ZHANG J-Q & CAO C-N Corrosion control
of neodymium/iron/boron magnets by silanisation.
Progr. Org. Coat. 2006, Vol 55 No 4, 388-92.
The improvement of corrosion resistance of neodymium/iron/boron
magnets by dodecyltrimethoxysilane treatment is described.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests showed that, after
treated by either dodecyltrimethoxysilane, phosphate or chromate
precursor, the protection of the alloys was apparently increased.
Corrosion performance of magnet treated with silane only was
slightly inferior to those of phosphatised or chromatised ones.
However, significant improvement in corrosion control was
achieved by two-step treatments, i.e, by topcoating silane films
on phosphate or chromate underlayer. The depth profiles of
element concentrations on surfaces measured by secondary ion mass
spectroscopy indicated a two-layer surface structure for two-step
treated samples. Coexistence of silane and phosphate or chromate
was detected in the top-layer, suggesting the interaction between
the two components. This results in the formation of more stable
structure of hybrid organic/inorganic coatings against the attack
of corrosive species. 20 refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/07986)
Section 55 Fouling and Microbiological
Attack
BERS A V & OTHERS Chemical defence in mussels:
antifouling effect of crude extracts of the periostracum of the
blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Biofouling 2006, Vol 22
No 4, 251-9.
The chemical defence strategy of blue
mussels was investigated. Six crude extracts of the periostracum
of intact shells were made using solvents of increasing polarity.
These extracts were tested against common fouling organisms in
laboratory-based bioassays. Non-polar and moderately polar
fractions showed the highest activities. The diethyl ether
fraction strongly inhibited attachment of Balanus amphitrite
cyprids and the marine bacteria Cobetia marina and Marinobacter
hydrocarbonoclasticus. Attachment of the benthic diatom Amphora
coffeaeformis was significantly reduced by the methylene chloride
extract, whereas both ethyl acetate and diethyl ether fractions
slowed diatom growth. The results provided the first evidence of
surface bound compounds that may moderate surface colonisation.
46 refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/08015)
Section 79 Radiation Curing
JONSSON E S & OTHERS Photopolymerisation of
multicomponent thiol/enes: kinetics, mechanisms and
properties. Proc. RadTech e/5 UV & EB Conf, Chicago
2006, 7 pp.
A new direction in the development of thiol/ene systems was used,
which involves the use of thiols in combination with not only
traditional enes, but also acrylates in a three-component system.
The system investigated involved pentaerythritol triallyl ether,
trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate) and propoxylated
glycerol triacrylate. This new direction involves simultaneous
polymerisation processes which allow multicomponent films to be
formed by a dual polymerisation process. The polymerisation
kinetics of such a system, which are quite complex, were followed
by both real-time calorimetric and infrared analysis. Dynamic
mechanical and thermogravimetric analysis of the cured films were
performed. Dynamic mechanical analysis results indicated that the
films have narrow tan delta versus temperature plots with peak
maxima that continually increase with acrylate concentration. The
temperature for the onset of thermal decomposition in general
decreased with increasing acrylate content. 12 refs. (WSCA Item
Number 06/08248)
Section 80 Patents: Radiation Curing
BASF AG Radiation curing method for coatings.
World (PCT) Patent Application 2005/119208, 50 pp.
A method is disclosed for determining the minimum requirements
that are necessary for the radiation curing of pigmented,
radiation-curable coating substances. A device and a commercial
method for radiation curing are also claimed. (In German) (WSCA
Item Number 06/08284)
Reviews of the following books also appeared in the
December 2006 issue of WSCA: the full book reviews can be read on the
Library Catalogue page of the PRA web site.
GHOSH S K (EDITOR) Functional Coatings: by Polymer
Microencapsulation. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim
2006, 357 pp. (ISBN 3-527-31296-X). Price £85.00, 127.50
euros. (WSCA Item Number 06/08405)
GUTOFF E B & COHEN E D Coating and Drying Defects:
Troubleshooting Operating Problems (2nd Edition).
John Wiley & sons Inc, Hoboken (New Jersey) 2006, 337 pp.
(ISBN 0-471-71368-6). Price £67.95, 95.90 euros. (WSCA Item
Number 06/08406)
LAZZARI M, LIU G & LECOMMANDOUX S (EDITORS) Block
Copolymers in Nanoscience. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH,
Weinheim 2006, 428 pp. (ISBN 3-527-31309-5). Price £90.00, 135.00
euros. (WSCA Item Number 06/08407)
For further information on WSCA please contact Dr Norman Morgan
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WSCA Highlights of the Month - November 2006
The November 2006 issue of WSCA contains abstracts of 715 articles
including the following examples:
Section 07 Driers and Minor Additives
KALENDA P, HOLECEK J, VESELY D & ERBEN M Influence of methyl
groups on ferrocene on rate of drying of oxidisable paints by using
model compounds. Progr. Org. Coat. 2006, Vol 56 Nos 2/3,
111-3.
The influence of methyl groups on ferrocene on the process of drying of
ethyl linoleate used as a model system was examined using time-resolved
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Driers examined were ferrocene,
1,1'-dimethylferrocene, 1,1',2,2',3,3',4,4'-hexamethylferrocene,
1,1',2,2',3,3',4,4'-octamethylferrocene and decamethylferrocene, and a
commercially-available cobalt 2-ethylhexanoate. 19 refs. (WSCA Item
Number 06/07043)
Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc
MOZARYN T Effect of accelerated and natural weathering on the
changes in permeability of epoxy coatings applied on a cement mortar
base. Pitture Vernici 2006, Vol 82 No 11, 13-20.
The results from the determination of changes in the permeability of
protective epoxy coatings applied on concrete products are presented.
The degradation effects caused by the natural and accelerated weathering
of two epoxy coatings on a cement mortar base are described. The changes
in permeability to water vapour, carbon dioxide and chloride ions were
used as a measure of degradation. Test results showed differentiation of
coatings with respect to their susceptibility for degradation caused by
agents in the conditions in which they are used. (In Italian and
English) (WSCA Item Number 06/07348)
Section 56 Patents: Fouling and Microbiological
Attack
NYBERG-SWENSON B A method and a surface treatment agent for
preventing biofouling on surfaces under water. European Patent
Application 1578874, 16 pp. (Also PCT WO 2004/058901).
An eco-friendly method of inhibiting biofouling on surfaces under water
is disclosed, which involves the use of nicotine and selenium in atomic
form, or a substance that may be converted into them. Both the
substances are toxic to oxygen-dependent organisms in high doses, but
are able to convert into functional substances at low doses. The
substances may be added to paint or other surface treatment agent that
marine surfaces are treated with, such that organisms that are trying to
establish themselves on the surfaces will be exposed to high doses, so
that reactions on which the settling is based are disturbed. The surface
treatment agent includes a polymer that prevents rapid leaching of the
substance into sea water. When the substances leak out into the seas,
they act as environment protectors, as they convert into substances
which promote the development of organisms. (WSCA Item Number
06/07379)
Section 71 Other Properties and Testing Methods
DUFRESNE E R & OTHERS Dynamics of fracture in drying
suspensions. Langmuir 2006, Vol 22 No 17, 7144-7.
Cracking was investigated during unidirectional drying in a colloidal
silica dispersion which was loaded into a rectangular capillary tube.
Loss of water produced an elastic network of particles, saturated with
fluid, in which the induced strain was relieved by cracking. This took
place in an intermittent manner, with a wide variation in size of crack
extension and cracking speed. An energy balance was developed, in which
the length of a crack was obtained by equating elastic power to the sum
of interfacial and viscous power. It is noted that a more detailed
model, accounting for interactions between cracks, etc, is needed to
predict scaling parameters accurately. 21 refs. (WSCA Item Number
06/07521)
Section 79 Radiation Curing
SCHERZER T & OTHERS Process control in ultraviolet curing:
in-line monitoring of the acrylate conversion by near-infrared
spectroscopy. JCT CoatingsTech 2006, Vol 3 No 8, 30-7.
The conversion of double bonds in UV-cured acrylic coatings on various
substrates was followed in-line by near-infrared (NIR) reflection
spectroscopy. Quantitative data were obtained directly from the
intensity of the acrylic overtone band at 1620 nm, which allows easy
calibration. The custom-made probe head of the NIR spectrometer was
fitted to several pilot-scale coatings and curing lines, and the
conversion was determined in clear and pigmented coatings as well as in
scratch-resistant nanocomposite layers. It was shown that reasonable
conversion data could be obtained with sufficient time resolution at
line speeds of at least 120 m/second. Furthermore, the method has been
proven to be useful for the monitoring of the conversion in layers from
hot-melt adhesives for pressure-sensitive adhesive applications. It is
concluded that for the first time there is an analytical method
available which may be reliably applied to process and quality control
in technical curing processes. 22 refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/07594)
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WSCA Highlights of the Month - October 2006
The October 2006 issue of WSCA contains abstracts of 706 articles including the following examples:
Section 01 Pigments, Extenders, Dyestuffs and Phosphors
KANE E Conference covers all corners. Polym. Paint Col. J. 2006, Vol 196 No 4501, 28 (3 pp).
Some presentations at the Colour Pigment Manufacturers Association (CPMA) Colour Pigments conference held in Chicago, USA, in 2006 are summarised. Topics included iron oxide, automotive market, China and the ink industry, an American view of the European Union registration, evaluation and authorisation of chemicals (REACH), the future of printing inks, nail varnish, and the role of China in the market. (WSCA Item Number 06/06287)
Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc
ALIBAND A & OTHERS Epoxy paint failure in aircraft fuel tanks. I. Preliminary development of a model for the process. Progr. Org. Coat. 2006, Vol 56 No 4, 285-96.
Epoxy coating from the fuel tanks was structurally characterised with the emphasis on the detection of elements of chemical degradation. A preliminary model was developed for the delamination process operative on vertical surfaces, as supported by interactions of the coating with diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (a fuel system deicer used in military jet fuel) in high temperature distillates from jet fuel, and for the delamination process operative on the floor of the fuel cell based on interactions of the paint with mixtures of water and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether. 14 refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/06582)
HONDA T, LU R & MIYAKOSHI T Chrome-free corrosion control coating based on lacquer hybridised with silicate. Progr. Org. Coat. 2006, Vol 56 No 4, 279-84.
A lacquer sap (sap of Chinese lacquer tree) hybridised with a silicate oligomer (of methyl silicate) was synthesised, and its characteristics as a chrome-free corrosion control coating were examined. A new absorption due to a siloxane structure appeared at 6.6 ppm in the NMR and at 1080 and 840 recip. cm in the IR spectra. The hybrid lacquer dries faster due to the reaction between the alkoxy radical of the silicate and hydroxyl of the urushiol, and had a higher glass transition than kurome and raw lacquers. In addition, the ability of the hybrid lacquer to prevent corrosion was comparable to the protection offered by chrome treatment. 12 refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/06593)
Section 55 Fouling and Microbiological Attack
CASSE F & SWAIN G W Development of microfouling on four commercial antifouling coatings under static and dynamic immersion. Internat. Biodet. Biodeg. 2006, Vol 57 No 3, 179-85.
Microfouling was investigated during static and dynamic sea water immersion of four commercial antifouling coatings, of which three were biocide-based (tributyltin self-polishing, copper self-polishing, copper ablative) and one was biocide-free (silicone fouling release). The total bacterial counts were similar on all coatings after static immersion, but after dynamic immersion the largest decrease in numbers was seen on the fouling release coating. The bacterial population on the fouling release surface was also more heterogeneous than on the biocide-based coatings. After static immersion, diatom populations were dominated by Amphora, Navicula and Synedra, after dynamic immersion, no diatoms could be detected on the copper ablative coating and only Amphora was left on the fouling release coating. 41 refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/06615)
Section 69 Analytical Methods
ANDREOTTI A & OTHERS Combined gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analytical procedure for the characterisation of glycerolipid, waxy, resinous, and proteinaceous materials in a unique paint microsample. Anal. Chem. 2006, Vol 78 No 13, 4490-500.
A novel gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analytical procedure for the identification of lipids, waxes, proteins, and resinous materials in the same microsample from painted works of art was optimised. The procedure was based on a sample multi-step chemical pretreatment (solvent extractions and microwave-assisted chemolysis) that is able to separate the various organic components into different fractions, which are suitably treated and derivatised before analysis. In particular, die procedure allows the complete saponification of wax esters and the completeness of the Cannizzaro type reaction of shellac acids in conditions that are suitable also for glyceride saponification. The method was tested on reference materials, and the procedure was applied to the characterisation of three old paint microsamples. Animal glue, egg, linseed oil, beeswax, Pinaceae resin, dammar, and shellac were the identified materials found in mixtures and recognised as original and/or restoration substances. 70 refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/06751)
Reviews of the following books also appeared in the
October 2006 issue of WSCA: the full book reviews can be read on the
Library Catalogue page of the PRA web site.
BENEDEK I Pressure-Sensitive Design, Theoretical Aspects, Formulation, Application. Volume 1. Pressure-Sensitive Design, Theoretical Aspects. VSP, Leiden & Boston 2006, 419 pp. (ISBN 978-9067644-39-6). Price 189.00 euros, $255.00. (WSCA Item Number 06/06979)
BENEDEK I Pressure-Sensitive Design, Theoretical Aspects, Formulation, Application. Volume 2. Pressure-Sensitive Design and Formulation, Application. VSP, Leiden & Boston 2006, 380 pp. (ISBN 978-9067644-40-2). Price 189.00 euros, $255.00. (WSCA Item Number 06/06980)
MOUAT F (EDITOR) ENDS Directory 2006 (13th Edition). Environmental Data Services Ltd, London 2005, 184 pp. (ISBN 0-907673-23-6). Price £60.00. (WSCA Item Number 06/06982)
VAN HERK A M (EDITOR) Chemistry and Technology of Emulsion Polymerisation. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2005, 307 pp. (ISBN 1-4051-2113-0). Price £99.50. (WSCA Item Number 06/06984)
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WSCA Highlights of the Month - September 2006
The September 2006 issue of WSCA contains abstracts of 702 articles
including the following examples:
Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc
LAKSHMI S, PAINKILI V, RAMACHANDRAN J & VIMALA B Inhibition of
corrosion of mild steel in acid media by seed powder extract of
Brassica-Juncea-Cruciferae. Bull. Electrochem. 2006, Vol 22 No
1, 11-5.
The inhibitive action of seed powder extract of Brassica juncea (mustard
seed) on the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid and sulphuric
acid solutions was investigated by a weight loss method. It was shown
that the mustard seed powder is a better inhibitor in sulphuric acid
medium than in hydrochloric acid medium. The inhibitor efficiency is
found to decrease with increase in inhibitor concentration and decrease
with rise in temperature. The kinetic parameters (corrosion current
density, Arrhenius frequency factor and energy of activation), the
adsorption parameters (fractional surface coverage and adsorption
equilibrium constant) and thermodynamic parameters (free energy of
adsorption) were evaluated. (WSCA Item Number 06/05891)
Section 56 Patents: Fouling and Microbiological
Attack
HAEFFNER M; ERICSSON C T Self-polishing antifouling
paint. European Patent Application 1543079, 9 pp. (Also PCT WO
2004/022656).
A composition comprising a binder and a biologically-active substance is
disclosed. The biologically-active substance is chosen to be
decomposable in the presence of water and to consume oxygen in its
process of decomposition so as to generate an oxygen-lean aqueous
environment in the water-exposed paint outer layer. The compsn. may also
include a photosynthesis inhibitor for limiting the growth of algae on
the surface of the paint. Soy flour is specifically claimed as the
biologically-active substance. (WSCA Item Number 06/05924)
Section 62 Patents: Coatings for Paper, Wallpaper and
Plastics
UNISEARCH LTD Hydrophobic coating composition. World
(PCT) Patent Application 2005/068400, 35 pp.
A hydrophobic coating composition is disclosed. It comprises
nanoparticles (or precursors capable of forming nanoparticles),
microparticles and an organic solvent. A hydrophobic coating having both
microscale and nanoscale roughness is formed on the surface on
application of the coating composition to a surface of a substrate and
then curing. The nanoparticles may be formed by hydrolysis and
condensation of a trifunctionalised alkylsilane. Use of the compsn. as a
hydrophobic coating on brick, cement tiles, wall facades and grout
substrates is also claimed. (WSCA Item Number 06/05950)
Section 64 Patents: Paints, Etc for Other Specific
Uses
WACKER-CHEMIE GMBH; MECCANO CO BV Coating of household articles
by means of thermoplastic elastomers. World (PCT) Patent
Application 2006037489, 34 pp.
The use is disclosed of elastomers and of thermoplastic elastomers for
the coating, forming, and overmoulding of household articles,
kitchenware etc, composed of metal, ceramics, such as stoneware,
porcelain, or clay, glass, or plastics in any desired shape, size, and
design, so that these produce less noise when handled, and so as to
increase safety during use. Coatings based on elastomers comprising
compounds which have radicals having aliphatic carbon-carbon double
bonds, specified organopolysiloxanes, and organic peroxides or platinum
and/or rhodium compound-containing catalysts are specifically claimed.
Production of the coatings, and coated articles are also claimed. (WSCA
Item Number 06/06018)
Reviews of the following books also appeared in the
July 2006 issue of WSCA: the full book reviews can be read on the
Library Catalogue page of the PRA web site.
McKEEN L W Fluorinated Coatings and Finishes Handbook: the
Definitive User's Guide and Databook. William Andrew
Publishing, Norwich (New York) 2006, 377 pp. (ISBN 0-8155-1522-7). Price
$295.00. (WSCA Item Number 06/06273)
MITTAL K L Particles on Surfaces 9: Detection, Adhesion and
Removal. VSP BV, Leiden & Boston 2006, 355 pp. (ISBN
90-6764-435-8). Price 199.00 euros, $259.00. (WSCA Item Number 06/06274)
MITTAL K L Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, Volume
4. VSP BV, Leiden & Boston 2006, 529 pp. (ISBN 90-6764-436-6).
Price 269.00 euros, $349.00. (WSCA Item Number 06/06275)
PACKHAM D E (EDITOR) Handbook of Adhesion, 2nd Edition.
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester 2005, 638 pp. (ISBN 0-471-80874-1).
Price £150.00, 225.00 euros. (WSCA Item Number 06/06277)
(WSCA Item Number 06/06278
WISSLING P Metallic Effect Pigments: Fundamentals and
Applications. Vincentz Network, Hannover 2006, 234 pp. (ISBN
3-87870-171-3). Price 109.00 euros.
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WSCA Highlights of the Month - August 2006
The August 2006 issue of WSCA contains abstracts of 708 articles
including the following examples:
Section 03 Oils, Waxes and Related Materials
ANDJELKOVIC D D & OTHERS: Novel thermosets prepared by cationic
copolymerisation of various vegetable oils: synthesis and their
structure/property relationships. (Polymer 2005, Vol 46 No
23, 9674-85.)
A range of thermoset plastics were prepared by the cationic
copolymerisation of olive, peanut, sesame, canola, corn, soyabean,
grapeseed, sunflower, low saturation soy, safflower, walnut, and linseed
oils with divinylbenzene or a combination of styrene and divinylbenzene
comonomers catalysed by boron trifluoride/diethyl ether. The chemical,
physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of these new polymers were
investigated as a function of the vegetable oil composition. It is
considered that the vegetable oil reactivity has a direct effect on most
of the polymers' properties, which may be reasonably predicted by
careful choice of the vegetable oil. Coupled with variations in the
comonomer and stoichiometry, the choice of vegetable oil allows
tailoring of the polymer's properties for specific applications. 35
refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/04917)
Section 21 Nitrogenous Polymers
AHMAD S & OTHERS: Development and characterisation of vinylated
polyester-amide from non-edible seed oils. (Progr. Org.
Coat. 2006, Vol 56 No 1, 1-7.)
Annona squamosa-based and Pongamia glabra-based polyester-amides were
vinylated by conventional post-vinylation techniques and the products
were evaluated for their physico-mechanical and anticorrosive
performance. Modification by vinyl acetate and styrene of the
polyester-amides showed far better physico-mechanical properties and
reasonably good chemical resistance properties. The vinylation with
vinyl acetate and styrene decreased the room temperature drying time as
well as baking temperature. The coatings of polyester-amide/monomer 2:1
compositions have far better film properties among all compositions and
may be safely used up to 200 deg. C. 31 refs. (WSCA Item Number
06/04990)
Section 64 Patents: Paints, Etc for Other Specific
Uses
GU L: Solvent-type nano-modified polyester wood paint and
process for producing same. ( Chinese Patent
1603372.)
A solvent-based nanoparticle-modified polyester wood coating, which
includes 0.50-10.0 wt. % nanoscale material is disclosed. The nanoscale
material effectively absorbs ultraviolet rays, and degrades emissions of
volatiles such as formaldehyde. (WSCA Item Number 06/05281)
Section 67 Mechanical and Rheological Properties
ROTUREAU E, DELLACHERIE E & DURAND A: Viscosity of aqueous
solutions of polysaccharides and hydrophobically-modified
polysaccharides: application of Fedors' equation. (Europ.
Polym. J. 2006, Vol 42 No 5, 1086-92.)
Dextran, a non-ionic bacterial polysaccharide, was hydrophobically
modified to different degrees by treatments with either 1-octene oxide
or 1-dodecene oxide. Fedors' equation, which involves only a
concentration parameter, the ratio of viscosity to solvent viscosity,
the intrinsic viscosity, up to a maximum value of the concentration
parameter/intrinsic viscosity product, for unmodified polysaccharides,
of 3. The concentration parameter of Fedor's equation was shown to
depend on the polysaccharide hydrodynamic volume in solution. It was
found, for the modified dextrans in this work, that Fedors' equation
conveniently estimated their viscosity up to a concentration/intrinsic
viscosity product of unity. The results are extended to published data
for well-defined amphiphilic polymers. 30 refs. (WSCA Item Number
06/05328)
Section 87 Legislation and Other Official
Publications
ONUSSEIT H: Adhesives in food contact articles: current and
future European regulations. (Pitture Vernici 2006, Vol 82
Nos 6/7, 49 (13 pp).)
The current approach to the authorisation and control of substances used
in food contact materials is considered and found to be cautious in
relation to the estimation of potential exposure of the consumer to
these substances and their toxicity. Approaches are discussed which take
better consideration of the actual exposure of the consumer to food
contact materials in risk assessment. It is noted that the use of
mathematical modelling for the prediction of migration, which may reduce
the number of tests to be undertaken, has been recently introduced into
the legislation. (WSCA Item Number 06/05546)
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WSCA Highlights of the Month - July 2006
The July 2006 issue of WSCA contains abstracts of 648 articles including the following examples:
Section 49 Pretreatment and Application
FOGLIATI M & OTHERS: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of paint deposition in an air spray process. (JCT Research 2006, Vol 3 No 2, 117-25.)
The mechanism of spray deposition was analysed by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in order to reproduce virtually spraying with a paint gun adopted for use in the motor vehicle industry and to predict paint drop trajectories and film builds on the target surface. The prediction of the flow of the continuous phase was obtained by solving the time averaged Navier-Stokes equations in connection with suitable closure models for turbulence. The dispersed phase was treated by a Lagrangian approach, by tracking numerically a large number of representative particles from the gun exit to the target surface. The initial conditions for the droplets were estimated from a detailed simulation of the paint jet at the exit of the nozzle. In this way positions and velocities of droplets at impact were evaluated and the properties of the deposited layer of paint were estimated. The method was validated by comparison with experimental data obtained by phase Doppler anemometry and, subsequently, the approach was applied to different geometries and operating conditions. 22 refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/04472)
Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc
DU R-G, HU R-G, HUANG R-S & LIN C-J: In situ measurement of chloride ion concentrations and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) at the reinforcing steel/concrete interface by combination sensors. (Anal. Chem. 2006, Vol 78 No 9, 3179-85.)
An in situ, non-destructive method is presented for monitoring chloride ion concentrations and pH values at the steel/concrete interface. The silver/silver chloride electrodes prepared by the electrochemical anodisation and the iridium/iridium oxide electrodes prepared by the thermal oxidation in carbonate served as chloride ion concentration and pH sensors, respectively. The two electrodes were combined into a multiplex chloride ion/pH sensor, and the sensor was embedded in concrete close to the steel/concrete interface to realise an in situ and long-term measurement of chloride ion concentrations and pH values. The results indicate that the combined sensor is robust and sensitive enough to in situ measure chloride ion concentrations and pH quantitatively at the steel/concrete interface, which is of importance to the investigation of corrosion and protection of steel in concrete. 27 refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/04491)
Section 55 Fouling and Microbiological Attack
MARMUR A: Superhydrophobicity fundamentals: implications to biofouling prevention. (Biofouling 2006, Vol 22 No 2, 107-115.)
The theory of wetting on superhydrophobic surfaces is discussed, within the general framework of equilibrium wetting and contact angles. Emphasis is put on the implications of superhydrophobicity to the prevention of biofouling. Two main lines of thought are discussed, 'mirror imaging' of the lotus effect, namely designing a surface that repels biological entities by being superhydrophilic, and designing a surface that minimises the water-wetted area when submerged in water (by keeping an air film between the water and the surface), so that the suspended biological entities have a low probability of encountering the solid surface. 43 refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/04514)
Section 82 Statistics
CELIK F & OZEROGLU A I: Economic glance to paint sector in Turkey and the world: reaction to crisis of the Turkish paint sector. (Proc. Boya/Paint 2006 Conf, Istanbul 2006, Paper, 414-25.)
Production, consumption, capacity and exports/imports are discussed for the Turkish paint industry. Figures are included for building coatings, wood coatings, motor vehicle coatings, metal coatings, powder coatings, original-equipment-manufacture (OEM), repair paints, cans coatings, and Turkish imports/exports are tabulated by product and country. (In Turkish with 16 refs.) (WSCA Item Number 06/04777)
Reviews of the following books also appeared in the
July 2006 issue of WSCA: the full book reviews can be read on the
Library Catalogue page of the PRA web site.
ANON: Global Coatings Report 2006, Painting a Picture of the Industry. (Akzo Nobel NV, Arnhem (Netherlands) 2006, 48 pp.) (WSCA Item Number 06/04868)
SMALLEY M V: Clay Swelling and Colloid Stability. (CRC Press (Taylor & Francis), 2006, 249 pp. (ISBN 0-8493-8079-0). Price £79.99.)
(WSCA Item Number 06/04869)
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WSCA Highlights of the Month - June 2006
The June 2006 issue of WSCA contains abstracts of 702 articles
including the following examples:
Section 01 Pigments, Extenders, Dyestuffs and
Phosphors
KERR J D: Regulating reflections: adapting aluminium flake
production for environmentally compliant coatings. (Europ.
Coatings J. 2006, No 3, 20 (3 pp).)
The different measures which have had to be adopted to meet the
requirements of various 'compliant' coatings (water-borne, high-solids,
powder and UV-curable systems) are described in the light of many
hundreds of different aluminium pigments being produced to meet specific
requirements. For example, in the case of powder coating, extruders will
damage normal aluminium pigments, and solutions to this problem include
thick pigment flakes which are resistant to damage, post-addition and
bonding of pigment to powder. (WSCA Item Number 06/03525)
Section 05 Solvents, Plasticisers and
Intermediates
DE RYCKE G: Photochemistry of semiconductor
nanoparticles. (SpecialChem4Coatings 2006,
www.specialchem4coatings.com/resources/articles/printarticle.aspx?id=5020
.)
The interactions between semiconductor nanoparticles and light are
discussed. Redox reactions resulting from this interaction are noted,
and intentional and unwanted implications for coatings formulations are
briefly indicated. (WSCA Item Number 06/03563)
Section 07 Driers and Minor Additives
ZEYNALOV E B & ALLEN N S: Effect of micron and nano-grade
titanium dioxides on the efficiency of hindered piperidine stabilisers
in a model oxidative reaction. (Polym. Deg. & Stabil. 2006,
Vol 91 No 4, 931-9.)
The influence of nano- and micrometre particle grade anatase and rutile
titanium dioxide pigments on the efficiency of hindered amine
stabilisers was investigated in the system comprising the model radical
reaction of cumene initiated 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN)
oxidation. This model reaction was designed to simulate the
thermo-oxidative processes in polymers. Kinetic measurements of
oxidation rates in the absence of the pigments showed the strong
retarding activity of the stabilisers under the conditions of the model
experiments. The rates depend linearly on the reciprocal square root of
the concentration of the stabilisers over a sufficiently wide range.
Further measurements of oxidation rates in the presence of titanium
dioxide particles showed that there is a significant reduction in the
retarding action of the stabilisers in the presence of titanium
dioxides. The titanium nano-samples added at a 1 wt. % to the oxidised
condensed system were able to completely decrease the initial inhibiting
efficiency of the stabilisers. It is considered that the behaviour of
titanium dioxide particles incorporated with hindered piperidine
stabilisers in condensed systems may thus be used for the assessment of
their performance during the thermo-oxidative degradation of polymers.
41 refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/03575)
Section 21 Nitrogenous Polymers
TSUTSUI H & OTHERS: Synthesis and temperature-responsive
properties of novel semi-interpenetrating polymer networks consisting of
a polyacrylamide network and linear polyacrylic acid.
(Macromol. 2006, Vol 39 No 6, 2291-7.)
A semi-interpenetrating network was formed by immersion of a
cross-linked polyacrylamide gel in a solution of linear polyacrylic acid
(PAA) of specified molecular weight. The gel simultaneously shrank.
However, on warming the semi-interpenetrating network, it swelled.
Uptake of the linear polymer was confirmed gravimetrically. This uptake
is in contrast to the known lack of adsorption of polyethylene oxide or
starch. The temperature range over which volume change took place
depended on pH. The influence of molecular weight of the polyacrylic
acid on the diameter of rod-shaped samples of gel was examined. In
addition, in presence of 20% by wt. of dispersed carbon black, the light
transmittance of the filled gel was reduced from 63% to only 8%, on
heating from 10 deg. C to 60 deg. C. (WSCA Item Number 06/03635)
Section 39 Adhesive Compositions
TSE M F: Interfacial composition of hot-melt adhesive.
(ACS, Div. Of PMSE, Papers 2006, Vol 94, 564-6.)
Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer hot-melt adhesives were investigated in
relation to peel adhesion to polyester at various separation speeds.
Surface compositions of the adhesives in contact with air and with
polyester were examined by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
(ESCA) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy
(time-of-flight SIMS). Three different tackifiers were employed. ESCA
suggested that although the air side of the adhesive at 25 deg. C is wax
rich, both the plastics side at 25 deg. C and the molten surface at 150
deg. C are ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer-rich. (WSCA Item Number
06/03693)
Reviews of the following books also appeared in the
June 2006 issue of WSCA: the full book reviews can be read on the
Library Catalogue page of the PRA web site.
ANON: Flooring Industry Yearbook 2006. (Marketplace
Publishing Ltd, London 2006, 90 pp. Price £9.95.)
(WSCA Item Number 06/04220)
US DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR & US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY: Mineral
Commodity Summaries 2006. (US Government Printing Office,
Washington 2006, 199 pp. (Also available as
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2006/mcs2006.pdf).)
(WSCA Item Number 06/04221)
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WSCA Highlights of the Month - May 2006
The May 2006 issue of WSCA contains abstracts of 700 articles
including the following examples:
Section 01 Pigments, Extenders, Dyestuffs and
Phosphors
ZHU Z, KAI L & WANG Y Synthesis and applications of
hyperbranched polyesters: preparation and characterisation of
crystalline silver nanoparticles. Mat. Chem. Phys. 2006, Vol 96
Nos 2/3, 447-53.
Hyperbranched polyester encapsulated crystals of silver nanoparticles
were prepared by ultraviolet irradiation of silver nitrate in the
presence of hyperbranched polyesters terminated by carboxylic acid
and/or hydroxyl groups and aliphatic surfactants. The silver
nanoparticles were characterised by transmission electron microscopy,
selected area electron diffraction, ultraviolet/visible spectra, X-ray
diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectra and Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy. 25 refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/02838)
Section 37 Solventless and Powder Coatings
HARRIS S Zinc combination: advantages and disadvantages of zinc
used in powder coatings. Polym. Paint Col. J. 2006, Vol 196 No
4497, 14.
Combining zinc pigments with different particle shapes, such as lamellar
flakes and spherical zinc dust, has made it possible to significantly
reduce the heavy metal content in zinc-rich powder primers and still
achieve good corrosion control. Zinc flake has a small particle size, a
specific surface area four times that of zinc dust and a very high
anodic activity. The advantages of combining the two types of zinc have
been shown by photographs of corrosion tested panels and microscopic
examination of the surfaces. Cross-sections of the original and modified
zinc systems have been examined after the salt spray test and clearly
illustrate the difference between the conventional and the new dual
formulation. Zinc dust primers show contacts only between dust particles
and the open and porous structure of these coatings explains why these
materials exhibit white rust formation at the surface. Results are
different for the coatings with the zinc dust/zinc flake combination.
Multiple contacts between dust/dust, dust/flake and flake/flake results
in high and lasting corrosion control and the zinc flakes also provide a
good barrier effect by retarding the access of corrosive elements in the
substrate and by inhibiting the diffusion of white rust towards the
surface. Semi-crystalline polymers based on dimethyltrimethylene
carbonate (DTC), and powder coatings market growth in Spain and North
America, are also discussed. (WSCA Item Number 06/02998)
Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc
SCOTT K P, ZHANG Z & BUTTNER W Striving to meet customer
satisfaction. Asia Pacific Coatings J. 2006, Vol 19 No 1,
26-8.
The testing is described of proprietary technology to measure the
specific sample surface temperature of materials in accelerated
weathering. Sensitivity to various materials was examined and comparison
was made between measured temperature and that indicated by embedded
thermocouples for coloured polyvinyl chloride on aluminium in various
weathering tests. It is concluded that the system is able to redefine
how weathering tests are conducted. The system makes it possible for the
researcher to conduct investigations in materials durability testing
that was either very difficult or impossible before. (WSCA Item Number
06/03114)
Section 69 Analytical Methods
TOKARSKI C, MARTIN E, ROLANDO C & CREN-OLIVE C Identification of
proteins in Renaissance paintings by proteomics. Anal. Chem.
2006, Vol 78 No 5, 1494-502.
A new methodology is proposed, and results are presented for various old
paintings. Conditions were investigated for the extraction of proteins
without protein hydrolysis. The efficiency of the extraction procedures
was examined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation
time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. The extracted proteins were subjected
to enzymatic hydrolysis and the hydrolysates were examined by mass
spectroscopy. The method was used for two Italian school paintings (15th
and 16th century). 46 refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/03277)
Section 87 Legislation and Other Official
Publications
CONRADS R & OTHERS Corrosion control: preparing for the volatile
organic compound (VOC) regulations. Farbe Lack 2006, Vol 112 No
2, 29-33.
The views of five producers of anticorrosive coatings with regard to the
forthcoming volatile organic compounds (VOC) regulations are provided,
by means of question and answer sessions. Most of those questioned are
not waiting for the new rules to come into effect, but already have
their products compliant, or have advanced significantly towards this
goal. Answers relating to questions on the market for anticorrosives,
the market share prognosis for powder coatings and water-borne coatings
in the anticorrosion field, and the direction of current research
activities for the companies questioned are also provided. (In German)
(WSCA Item Number 06/03495)
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WSCA Highlights of the Month - April 2006
The April 2006 issue of WSCA contains abstracts of 701 articles
including the following examples:
Section 35 Water-borne Paints and their
Components
GALEMBECK F & OTHERS: Proprietary aluminium (poly)phosphates:
nanotechnology for water-borne paint improvement. (Paint &
Coatings Ind. (US) 2006, Vol 22 No 1, 56 (5 pp).)
A new product based on contemporary nanotechnology concepts that
performs an outstanding combination of desirable functions in a
water-borne paint is discussed. The product is a completely new family
of aluminium phosphates or polyphosphates made by a wet chemistry
process; the product does not have a definite stoichiometry so various
grades may be prepared. The way in which it works is explained, and the
results of use tests are presented. A coating film is formed by enmeshed
resin and aluminium phosphate, and good film hiding is obtained at lower
titanium dioxide contact because the film contains a large quantity of
closed pores that also scatter light. It is concluded that in
water-borne paints it results in improved visual performance and
durability at a reduced cost. (WSCA Item Number 06/02313)
Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc
TUKEN T: Zinc deposited polymer coatings for copper
protection. (Progr. Org. Coat. 2006, Vol 55 No 1,
60-5.)
The use of zinc-modified polyaniline and polypyrrole coatings against
copper corrosion is investigated. Polypyrrole and polyaniline coatings
were electrosynthesised on copper, by using cyclic voltammetry
technique. These coatings were then modified with the deposition of zinc
particles from aqueous zinc sulphate solution. The electrodeposition of
zinc was achieved at a constant potential value of -1.20 V, in the
amount of about 0.75 mg/sq. cm. The corrosion control performance of
zinc-modified polymer coatings was investigated in 3.5% sodium chloride
solution; by using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and
anodic polarisation curves. The zinc particles improved the barrier
property of polymer films, thanks to formation of voluminous zinc
corrosion properties within the pores of polymer coating. Also, the zinc
particles provided cathodic protection to the substrate, where the
polymer film provided conductance between zinc particles and copper. 29
refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/02482)
Section 63 Paints, Etc for Other Specific Uses
McDANIEL C S, McDANIEL J, WALES M E & WILD J R: Enzyme-based
additives for paints and coatings. (Progr. Org. Coat. 2006,
Vol 55 No 2, 182-8. (A version of a paper presented at the Coatings
Science Internat. Conf, Noodwijk (The Netherlands) 2005).)
The design and characterisation is described of biological additives for
latex coatings which impart catalytic detoxification or biodefensive
capabilities to surfaces. The additive contained organo-phosphorus
hydrolase and was generally prepared as a dried whole-cell powder, and
the effect of the coatings against organo-phosphorus pesticides was
determined. Decontamination time and effect of dehydration (and
rehydration) were determined. 20 refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/02532)
Section 71 Other Properties and Testing Methods
BRUN A, BRUNEL L & SNABRE P: Adaptive speckle imaging
interferometry (ASII): new technology for advanced drying analysis of
coatings. (Proc. PRA Internat. Waterborne & High Solids
Coatings Conf. 'Innovation for a Sustainable Future', Brussels 2006, Paper 18, 6 pp.)
A new optical technology, named adaptive speckle imaging interferometry
is presented that is of use for investigating film formation from all
kind of dispersed systems such as latices, emulsions, or solvent-borne
suspensions. The measurement principle is discussed together with
adaptive data processing, and examples are presented for its use for
drying kinetics of water-borne and solvent-borne coatings. (WSCA Item
Number 06/02627)
Section 88 Standards and Specifications
BRAYBROOKE G: Lead hazards associated with buildings.
(Standard. News 2006, Vol 34 No 3, 34-6.)
Activities and standards of ASTM subcommittee E06.23 (founded to provide
national consensus standards for identifying and abating lead hazards)
are discussed, together with US governmental recognition of specified
standards. Twenty-eight standards from the committee are listed with
titles; topics including sampling, chemical spot tests, encapsulation by
coatings, lead determination, lead hazards assessment in dwellings, etc.
(WSCA Item Number 06/02816)
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WSCA Highlights of the Month - March 2006
The March 2006 issue of WSCA contains abstracts of 715 articles
including the following examples:
Section 03 Oils, Waxes and Related Materials
OYMAN Z O, MING W & VAN DER LINDE R: Oxidation of drying oils
containing non-conjugated and conjugated double bonds catalysed by a
cobalt catalyst. (Progr. Org. Coat. 2005, Vol 54 No 3,
198-204.)
The oxidation of drying oil containing non-conjugated (linseed oil) and
conjugated (tung oil) double bonds catalysed by cobalt(II)
2-ethylhexanoate was investigated. Raman spectroscopy and attenuated
total reflectance FTIR were used for chemical changes, and oxygen uptake
and the evolution of peroxides during the oxidation were monitored. It
is concluded that during the oxidation of fatty acids containing
non-conjugated double bonds there is a strong build-up of
hydroperoxides; in the meantime non-conjugated double bonds are
converted into conjugated double bonds. The hydroperoxides are the
decomposed into free radicals; these radicals form either cross-links
(via, mainly, radical recombination and, partially, addition to
conjugated double bonds), or form by-products. On the other hand, for
conjugated systems, the oxidation takes place in a different way, even
though oxidation products appear similar. The build-up of hydroperoxides
is much less due to the direct radical addition to (conjugated) double
bonds, and consequently the formation of a higher amount of cross-links
and a lower amount of by-products. 18 refs. (WSCA Item Number
06/01444)
Section 53 Weathering, Corrosion, Etc
FEKETE E & LENGYEL B: Accelerated testing of water-borne
coatings. (Progr. Org. Coat. 2005, Vol 54 No 3,
211-5.)
The effects were examined of weathering on water-borne coatings. Three
styrene/acrylate water-borne paint systems containing various types of
inorganic pigments were investigated on steel substrates. Salt spray,
humidity chamber and field exposure tests were carried out. The
accelerated laboratory tests were performed both on coatings after 2
weeks of coating preparation ('fresh' coating) and on naturally aged
ones, i.e, after field exposures of various durations ranging from 3
months to 2.5 years. It was found that the longer the exposure period,
the better are the results of salt spray and humidity chamber tests.
This is concluded to justify the assumption that the corrosion
resistance of water-borne coatings is improved upon weathering.
Additional experiments were carried out on samples with different
pretreatments; in some cases the results of the accelerated tests after
cyclic dry/wet or heat pretreatments were better than that of 'fresh'
coatings. 21 refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/01707)
RAJENDRAN S, SRI V G, AROCKIASELVI J & AMALRAJ A J: Corrosion
inhibition by plant extracts: an overview. (Bull.
Electrochem. 2005, Vol 21 No 8, 367-77.)
A review is presented on making use of natural products as corrosion
inhibitors. Particular reference is made to extracts. 127 refs. (WSCA
Item Number 06/01723)
SHINOHARA T: Cathodic protection of metal by photocatalysis of
titanium dioxide. (J. Jap. Soc. Col. Mat. 2005, Vol 78 No
11, 514-9.)
(In Japanese with 19 refs.) (WSCA Item Number 06/01724)
ZHANG J, WANG J & WANG Y Micro-droplets formation during the
deliquescence of salt particles in atmosphere. J. Sci. Eng.
Corros. 2005, Vol 61 No 12, 1167-72.
Micro-droplets, 1 micrometre to about 10 micrometres in diameter, were
observed to occur around the edge of the main droplet formed by the
deliquescence of a single salt particle deposited on metals in
atmosphere. Two preconditions were found to be required, one being that
the relative humidity should be over the saturated RH of the main
droplet, and the other that the metal substrate could be eroded under
the main droplet. The corrosion current was shown by electrochemical
polarisation to be the driving force for the formation of
micro-droplets. Based on surface analyses there were some sodium cations
and a few chloride anions in micro-droplets for a main droplet of sodium
chloride. Mechanisms are discussed. The metal substrates used were
steel, zinc, copper and stainless steel. It is noted that the formation
of the electrolyte droplet caused by the deliquescence of soluble salt
particles is one cause for the acceleration of atmospheric corrosion. 19
refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/01729)
Section 55 Fouling and Microbiological Attack
SONG Y C, WOO J H, PARK S H & KIM I S Study on the treatment
of antifouling paint waste from shipyard. Marine Pollution
Bull. 2005, Vol 51 Nos 8/12, 1048-53.
An investigation on the treatment of antifouling paint waste from
shipyards, including sandblast waste and ship hull washing waste water,
was performed. The sandblast waste could be effectively detoxified by
heat treatment; the efficiency was affected by the temperature of the
heating vessel and treatment time. For the treatment of ships' hulls
washing waste water by solvent extraction, ship diesel was a good
solvent for tributyltin extraction. 11 refs. (WSCA Item Number
06/01759)
Section 67 Mechanical and Rheological Properties
HOSSEINPOUR D, GUTHRIE J T, BERG J C & STOLARSKI V L: Effect
of interfacial interaction contribution to the mechanical properties of
motor vehicle topcoats. (Progr. Org. Coat. 2005, Vol 54 No
3, 182-7.)
Ultimate tensile strength evaluations and rheology investigations were
performed using acrylic/melamine resin and an aluminium oxide filler
coated with different chemical agents. In general, it was found that
there is a strong correlation between the ultimate tensile properties
and both the aluminium oxide loading level and the nature of the surface
treatment of the particles. Functionalisation of the aluminium oxide
with agents to provide apolar characteristics resulted in deterioration
of the composite. Aluminium oxide particles with polar surface
treatments showed an interaction with the matrix that improved the
mechanical performance of the system. This improvement was attributed to
the role of the Lewis acid/base interactions. The rheological
investigations and subsequent calculations show that, at the dispersion
stage, the apparent thickness of adsorbed polymer layer varied with the
nature of the surface of aluminium oxide. The adsorbed layer had an
intermediate thickness (relative to apolar and untreated aluminium) for
the dispersion containing the polar aluminium oxide. 25 refs. (WSCA Item
Number 06/01862)
A review of the following book also appeared in the March 2006 issue of WSCA:
the full book reviews can be read on the Library Catalogue page of the PRA web site.
KRANNER I, BECKETT R P & VARMA A K (EDITORS): Protocols in
Lichenology: Culturing, Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Use in
Biomonitoring. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin 2002, 580 pp. (ISBN
3-540-41139-9). Price 117.65 euros.)
(WSCA Item Number 06/02118)
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WSCA Highlights of the Month - February 2006
The February 2006 issue of WSCA contains abstracts of 701 articles
including the following examples:
Section 01 Pigments, Extenders, Dyestuffs and
Phosphors
MAILE F J, PFAFF G & REYNDERS P Effect pigments: past, present
and future. Progr. Org. Coat. 2005, Vol 54 No 3, 150-63.
Latest developments are presented related to effect pigments and their
production technology, the orientation behaviour of effect pigment
particles and the analytical methods (particle size distribution, light
and electron microscopy, depth profiling, wettability and isoelectric
point and zeta potential) used for the investigation of inorganic layers
in effect pigments. Metal effect, natural pearl essence, basic lead
carbonate, bismuth oxychloride, micaceous iron oxide, titanium dioxide
flakes, flake organic pigments, liquid crystal polymers, and pigments
based on flake substrates (mica, aluminium oxide, silica, glass, iron
oxide, graphite and aluminium flakes) are considered. 44 refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/00714)
Section 54 Patents: Weathering, Corrosion, Etc
BOEING CO Coating for inhibiting oxidation of a
substrate. United States Patent 6942899: Off. Gaz. 2005, Vol
1298 No 2.
A method is disclosed for inhibiting corrosion on a coated metallic
substrate when an imperfection occurs in the coating. The method
comprises selecting an inhibiting anion from a group consisting of
thiols, and coating the metallic substrate with a cationic film that
includes an effective amount of the selected inhibiting anion. The
inhibition involves reduction of the cationic film via electron uptake
from a galvanic reaction between the metallic substrate and an oxidiser
surrounding the metallic substrate where a portion of the metallic
substrate is not coated, and release of the anion when the cationic film
is reduced, wherein releasing the anion substantially inhibits the
corrosion of the metallic substrate. (WSCA Item Number 06/01001)
Section 55 Fouling and Microbiological Attack
MUTTON R, ATLAR M, DOWNIE M & ANDERSON C Drag prevention
coatings for marine propellers. Propeller 2005, No 19,
6-12.
Computer simulations, sea trials and cavitation tunnel tests were
performed for fouling release coatings, the cavitation tunnel tests
including measurements on damaged propellers. The release coatings were
silicone-based. (WSCA Item Number 06/01017)
Section 73 Industrial and Other Hazards
REEVE P Nanotubes, environment and health. Croner's
Chemical Safety Briefing 2005, October, 5-7.
Nanotechnology and its implications for significant environmental or
health hazards are discussed using carbon nanotubes as the key example.
The situation relative to the European Union's registration, evaluation
and authorisation of chemicals (REACH) proposals based on the
precautionary principle is mentioned and it is pointed out that there is
little known exposure to nanotubes outside of industry and academia. The
need for hazard data is examined. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE)
review of occupational hygiene on nanoparticles is considered together
with production issues that result in exposure to primary nanoparticles.
Problems with measurement are also noted. (WSCA Item Number 06/01273)
Section 75 Pollution and Utilisation of Wastes
WALLINDER I O, BERTLING S & LEYGRAF C Run-off and fate of zinc
from outdoor constructions: selected results from a 5-year exposure
programme. Protect. Coat. Europe 2005, Vol 10 No 9, 2-4.
The results are discussed of a five-year exposure study of commercial
zinc-based roofing materials at an urban site in Stockholm, Sweden. The
research programme included determinations of total zinc concentrations
in run-off from zinc materials and their chemical speciation (exposure
assessment). It also included the determination of bioavailability and
ecotoxicity of zinc in the run-off (effect assessment), both at the
immediate release situation and after interaction with investigated
soils. Both types of assessments are necessary in order to perform the
final risk characterisation. Surfaces with barrier layers generally
resulted in decreased zinc run-off concentrations, with the pre-painted
galvanised steel exhibiting zinc concentrations close to background
concentrations in rain-water. In all, the results clearly showed that
the presence of a barrier layer reduces the run-off rate for zinc, with
respect to both individual run-off samplings and to annual run-off
rates. The barrier effect persists as long as the barrier is not
degraded. The zinc materials included zinc sheet, galvanised steel with
chromate layer or thin organic coating, prepainted galvanised, general
galvanised, zinc alloy-coated steel, etc. (WSCA Item Number 06/01290)
A review of the following book also appeared in the February 2006 issue of WSCA:
the full book reviews can be read on the Library Catalogue page of the PRA web site.
DRELICH J & MITTAL K L (EDITORS) Atomic Force Microscopy in
Adhesion Studies. VSP, Leiden & Boston 2005, 811 pp. (ISBN
90-6764-434-X). Price 168 euros ($227).
This book includes both reviews and original research papers, and includes all the
papers on AFM and contact mechanics studies published in Journal of
Adhesion Science and Technology (regular and special issues) during 2000
to May 2005. (Over 1700 refs.) (WSCA Item Number 06/01403)
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WSCA Highlights of the Month - January 2006
The January 2006 issue of WSCA contains abstracts of 702 articles
including the following examples:
Section 08 Patents: Driers and Minor Additives
ICI; UNICHEMA CHEMIE BV; ICI AMERICAS INC Surfactant.
World (PCT) Patent Application 2005/059042, 21 pp.
The invention relates to ethylenically unsaturated surfactants, and in
particular to the use thereof to prepare aqueous emulsions and/or
dispersions of resins and/or polymers, especially alkyd resins. The
invention provides a compound (I) as specified, containing the residue
of a group (II) having at least active hydrogen atoms, alkylene oxide
residues (III), and groups (IV) selected from hydrogen, 1-21 C
hydrocarbyl, or an acyl group. On average greater than one of the groups
(IV) is or comprises a 4-21 C hydrocarbyl group comprising at least two
ethylenic double bonds. The invention also provides a method of forming
a compound of formula (I) which comprises reacting a fatty acid or
derivative thereof having an iodine value in the range from 100 to 250
g/100 g with an alkoxylated (IV) group. Compound (II) is preferably the
residue of a sugar, preferably a monosaccharide, and the hydrocarbyl
group is preferably derived from linoleic acid. The invention still
further provides a method of making an aqueous emulsion of an alkyd
resin which comprises forming a mixture of the resin and surfactant,
including at least one compound of formula (I) as defined herein,
including water in the mixture to form a water-in-oil (resin) emulsion,
and subsequently adding water to the water-in-oil emulsion at least
until the emulsion inverts to form an oil(resin)-in-water emulsion and,
optionally, adding further water to adjust the disperse phase content of
the emulsion to that desired. The invention also provides a paint which
comprises an aqueous or mixed aqueous/organic continuous phase, an alkyd
resin emulsion discontinuous phase, at least one compound of formula (I)
as an emulsifier, and at least one pigment. (WSCA Item Number
06/00070)
Section 15 Hydrocarbon Polymers
QUEMENER D, HEROGUEZ V & GNANOU Y Latex particles by
miniemulsion ring-opening metathesis polymerisation. Macromol.
2005, Vol 38 No 19, 7977-82.
Stable polynorbornene dispersions were prepared from miniemulsified
norbornene monomer by ring-opening metathesis polymerisation, using a
ruthenium-containing initiator. However, the oil-soluble carbene complex
resulted in coagulation. This was reduced to 25% by raising the
temperature and slowing the monomer addition. When water-soluble,
hydrated ruthenium trichloride in butanol was used as the initiator, no
coagulum formed, a styrene/ethylene oxide block copolymer being used as
steric stabiliser. However, excessive amounts of butanol destabilised
the miniemulsion. Use of benzyl alcohol in place of butanol enhanced
conversion, but the styrene/ethylene oxide block copolymer failed to
stabilise the product, coagulation occurring. 24 refs. (WSCA Item Number
06/00087)
Section 19 Halogenated Polymers
AMEDURI B Recent advances in the radical copolymerisation of
vinylidene fluoride. PRA 'Fluorine and Silicone in Coatings'
Conf, Manchester 2005, Paper 13, 20 pp.
Vinylidene fluoride polymers are reviewed in relation to types and their
synthesis, properties and uses, and in relation to uses of
fluoropolymers based on vinylidene fluoride. It is concluded that
vinylidene fluoride (VDF) is a versatile, non-toxic, environmentally
friendly monomer that may be easily (co)polymerised in the presence of
radicals leading to thermoplastics, elastomers or thermoplastic
elastomers. Hence, a wide variety of (co)polymers may be prepared, most
of them random (except for vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoroisobutylene and
vinylidene fluoride/methyl trifluoroacrylate that are alternating).
Moreover, certain vinylidene fluoride-containing polymers may be
regarded as well-architectured polymers. Among them, and besides the
above alternating copolymers, three categories may be proposed, the
first being block copolymers prepared under conventional or more recent
controlled radical polymerisation methods. In these last cases,
polyvinylidene fluoride-X acts as original initiator especially in
halogen (X equals chlorine, bromine or iodine) transfer radical
polymerisation. The other two categories are graft copolymers which may
be achieved from direct co- (or ter-) polymerisation or from the
polymerisation of monomers in the presence of macroinitiators produced
from the activation of macroinitiators, and telechelics are obtained
either from the radical (co)polymerisation of fluoroalkenes (including
vinylidene fluoride) in the presence of functional initiators, or from
telomerisation of fluoroalkenes with adequate chain transfer agents. 73
refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/00123)
Section 55 Fouling and Microbiological Attack
TADROS A B Application of natural materials in marine paint
formulations. Pig. Resin Tech. 2005, Vol 34 No 6, 340-6.
Green algae, tubeworms in dead powder form and garlic were tested in
relation to antifouling and anticorrosive properties. The antifouling
and anticorrosive properties of tubeworms were assessed by evaluation of
the marine coating formulations containing tubeworms on unprimed steel
panel. The performance of the steel coated with tubeworms-based paint
was evaluated for fouling and marine corrosion by immersion in sea
water. Electrochemical technique was employed to investigate the
inhibition property of tubeworms and garlic to the steel corrosion in
seawater. Tubeworms-based paint, with 25% in the dry paint film, could
protect steel surface from marine corrosion up to seven months. The
paints containing algae and garlic, and the corresponding algae/garlic
free paints, resisted slime film formation. Steel and polyvinyl
chloride-coated surfaces with paint containing algae showed the best
antifouling potential. 6 refs. (WSCA Item Number 06/00365)
Section 64 Patents: Paints, Etc for Other Specific
Uses
LIBBEY-OWENS-FORD CO; PILKINGTON PLC Coated substrates.
United States Patent 6929862: Off. Gaz. 2005, Vol 1297 No 3.
A photocatalytically-active coated substrate is disclosed. It comprises
a glass substrate having a photocatalytically-active titanium oxide
coating on one surface thereof. The photocatalytically-active titanium
oxide coating has a thickness of 20 nm or less, the coated surface of
the substrate has a photocatalytic activity of greater than a specified
value and the coated substrate has a visible light reflection measured
on the coated side of 20% or lower. A further claim refers to an alkali
metal ion-blocking underlayer between the surface of the substrate and
the coating. (WSCA Item Number 06/00419)
Reviews of the following books also appeared in the
January 2006 issue of WSCA: the full book reviews can be read on the
Library Catalogue page of the PRA web site.
CORK A (EDITOR) Polymers Paint Colour Journal (PPCJ) Yearbook
2006. DMG World Media (UK) Ltd, Redhill (Surrey) 2005, 182 pp.
(ISBN 1-84312-024-4). Price £146.00 (UK), $280.00/£154.00 (elsewhere).
(WSCA Item Number 06/00702)
For further information on WSCA please contact Dr Norman Morgan
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